File #2702: "2019_Book_InternationalYearbookOfSoilLaw.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|6
1|Preface|10
1|Contents|13
1|Part I: The Theme: `Urbanisation and Sustainable Management of Soils´|15
2|Urbanisation and Urban Land Use: A Normative Compass for Sustainable Urban Governance|16
3|1 Introduction|16
3|2 International Law on Sustainable City Development and Land Use|18
4|2.1 Sustainable Development Goals|18
4|2.2 International Soil Protection Law and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)|20
4|2.3 UN-Habitat, UN Conferences on Human Settlements and the New Urban Agenda|21
4|2.4 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Paris Agreement (PA)|23
4|2.5 Conclusion|25
3|3 A Normative Compass as Guiding Principle for Sustainable City Development|26
3|4 Freedoms and Limitations for Cities to Act Sustainably|27
4|4.1 National Frameworks for Shaping Sustainable Cities|27
5|4.1.1 Responsibilities of Cities Towards Their Citizens|27
5|4.1.2 City Authorities in Legal Dependence of States|28
5|4.1.3 Institutional Frameworks Within Cities|29
5|4.1.4 The Instrument of Transformative Planning for Sustainable Urban Land Use|30
6|Driving Forces of Urban Land Use Development|30
6|Guiding Principles for Transformative Land-Use Planning|32
4|4.2 Legal Implications of Transnational Urban Activities|33
5|4.2.1 Vertical Urban Governance: Influence on International Law in Agency of States|34
5|4.2.2 Horizontal Urban Governance: Bilateral Cooperation and Transnational Networks of Cities|35
5|4.2.3 National Legal Restrictions to Urban `Foreign Policy´|36
4|4.3 Perspectives for Enhancing Cities´ National and Transnational Impacts|37
5|4.3.1 WBGU: A Polycentric Responsibility Architecture for Sustainable City Development|38
5|4.3.2 Cities´ Role in International Negotiations|38
3|5 Conclusion|39
3|References|40
2|Sustainable Cities in India: A Governance Challenge|42
3|1 Introduction|42
3|2 City-Centric Development|43
3|3 What Is Urbanization?|44
3|4 Challenges of Urbanization|45
4|4.1 Environment Destruction|45
4|4.2 Global Warming and Climate Change|47
4|4.3 Land and Construction|48
4|4.4 Transportation|48
4|4.5 Air Pollution|49
4|4.6 Water Crisis|50
4|4.7 Energy|51
3|5 Governance Challenge|51
3|6 Smart Cities in India|57
3|7 Is Urbanization a Necessity?|60
3|8 International Instruments at Work|61
3|9 Conclusion|64
3|References|65
2|Sustainable Management of Urban Soils: The New Zealand Approach|68
3|1 Introduction|68
3|2 The Soil Problem in New Zealand|69
3|3 A Brief History of Soil Protection Measures in New Zealand|71
3|4 Reform of Environmental Law and Policy Since 1984|73
4|4.1 Administrative and Legal Reforms 1984-1991|73
5|4.1.1 Administrative Governance Reforms|73
5|4.1.2 Reform of Environmental Legislation|74
4|4.2 The Resource Management Act 1991: A Blueprint for Sustainable Environmental Management?|75
5|4.2.1 The Purpose and Principles of the RMA|75
5|4.2.2 The Policy, Planning and Decision-Making Structure Under the RMA|77
3|5 The RMA and Sustainable Soil Management|78
4|5.1 General Provisions Under the RMA|79
4|5.2 Central Government Policy and Guidance|80
5|5.2.1 National Policy Statements and National Environmental Standards|80
4|5.3 Local Government Responsibility for Soil Management|82
5|5.3.1 Regional Council Responsibility for Soil Management|82
5|5.3.2 Territorial Authority Responsibility for Soil Management|85
5|5.3.3 Soil Protection and Management in the Courts|86
3|6 Other Government Policy and Guidance on Soil Management|87
4|6.1 National `State of the Environment´ Reporting and Future Directions|87
4|6.2 Practical Measures and Programmes to Protect and Improve Soils|89
4|6.3 The Department of Conservation and the `Conservation Estate´|90
4|6.4 Other Relevant Legislation|90
3|7 Conclusion|91
3|References|93
2|Land Take and Soil Sealing-Drivers, Trends and Policy (Legal) Instruments: Insights from European Cities|96
3|1 Introduction|96
3|2 Methodology|98
3|3 Urbanisation Trends and Drivers|99
4|3.1 Urbanisation Trends|99
5|3.1.1 Key Features of Assessed Urban Agglomerations|100
5|3.1.2 Population Dynamics|100
5|3.1.3 Dynamics of Soil Sealing|103
5|3.1.4 Land Take: Dynamics of Artificial Areas|103
5|3.1.5 Dynamics of Agriculture, Forest and Natural Areas (AFN)|107
5|3.1.6 Conclusions|107
4|3.2 Drivers Behind Land Take and Soil Sealing|109
3|4 Responses: Legislation and Policies|112
4|4.1 EU Legislation and Policies|112
4|4.2 National-Level Legislation|113
5|4.2.1 Legal Protection of Green Areas, i.e. Forest, Nature Protection Areas Through Environmental Legislation Governing Land U...|114
5|4.2.2 Protection of Agricultural Land|114
5|4.2.3 Prioritisation of Urban Renewal Over Expansion of Settlements in Undeveloped Areas|114
5|4.2.4 Densification of Settlements Through Building on Insufficiently Utilised Sites Within Existing Settlements|115
5|4.2.5 The Use of Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures|115
5|4.2.6 Land Take Targets|115
4|4.3 City-Level Instruments|116
5|4.3.1 Spatial Planning|116
5|4.3.2 Strategic Documents|118
5|4.3.3 Integrated: Joint Planning|119
5|4.3.4 Fiscal Instruments|119
4|4.4 Success Factors That Increase the Impact of Instruments|120
4|4.5 Limitations and Barriers to Preventing Soil Sealing and Land Take|121
3|5 Conclusions and Recommendations|123
3|References|124
2|Environmental Law Tools for the Idea of a Compact City. Learning from the Dutch Case|126
3|1 Introduction|126
3|2 The Concept of the Compact City in Literature|128
4|2.1 Concept|128
4|2.2 Goals|128
3|3 EU Policy|129
3|4 The Dutch Approach|132
4|4.1 Managing Urban Growth: Ladder of Sustainable Urbanisation|132
4|4.2 Obstacles for Realising the Concept of the Compact City|133
4|4.3 Flexibility: Instruments for an Integrated Approach|136
4|4.4 The New Dutch Environmental and Planning Act|139
3|5 Concluding Remarks|140
3|References|141
2|Tradable Land Planning Certificates to Reduce Land Take: Results of a Simulation Game with Communities in Germany|143
3|1 Introduction|143
3|2 Scope of the Project|145
4|2.1 Principle, Rules and Project Approach|145
4|2.2 Objectives|147
4|2.3 Land Take Targets for the Simulation Game|147
4|2.4 Participating Communities|147
4|2.5 Implementation of the Simulation Game|148
3|3 Decision Support for the Municipalities|151
4|3.1 Inventory of the Planned Construction Sites|151
4|3.2 Inventory of Inner Urban Development Potential|152
4|3.3 Survey of Potential Recovery and Rebuilding Areas for the Generation of White Certificates|152
4|3.4 Fiscal Values of Planned Development Areas|153
3|4 Major Results|154
4|4.1 Unprofitable Construction Areas|154
4|4.2 Inner Urban Development|154
4|4.3 White Certificates|155
4|4.4 Central Economic Findings|155
5|4.4.1 Certificates´ Price|155
5|4.4.2 Efficiency of the Certificate Market|156
5|4.4.3 Buyer and Seller|156
5|4.4.4 Impact on Land Prices|157
3|5 Conclusion and Outlook|157
3|References|158
2|Artificialised Land and Land Take: What Policies Will Limit Its Expansion and/or Reduce Its Impacts?|160
3|1 A Difficult-to-Grasp Concept, Artificialised Land Is the Variety of Land Use Supporting All Human Activities Other Than Agri...|162
4|1.1 Disagreements in Measurement|162
4|1.2 Is the Sealing of Surfaces Synonymous with Land Take?|164
4|1.3 Urbanisation, a Major Driver of Land Take, Continues Beyond City Borders|165
4|1.4 An Analytical Framework for the Impacts of Land Take That Accounts for the Heterogeneity of the Process|167
3|2 Efficient but Ill-Equipped Public Policy Instruments and Regulations to Control Land Take|168
4|2.1 Avoiding Land Take in a Context Where Many Legal Measures Encourage It|168
4|2.2 Avoiding the Artificialisation of Specific Types of Areas|169
4|2.3 Densification of Already Artificialised Areas Requires a Strong Will but Leads to Positive Outcomes|171
4|2.4 How to Reduce the Impacts of Land Take|172
5|2.4.1 Knowledge of Soils and the Environment Prior to Artificialisation, a Public Policy Issue|172
5|2.4.2 Land Use and Soil Quality; Should a Tool Be Created?|172
5|2.4.3 Land Recycling|173
5|2.4.4 Limiting the Sealing of Artificial Spaces|173
4|2.5 Can We Compensate for Land Take?|174
3|3 Conclusion|175
3|References|175
2|Cleaning Up Contaminated Sites in Urban China: Who Should Be Liable?|177
3|1 Parties Liable for Cleaning Up Contaminated Sites: Current Status in China|178
4|1.1 Court Decisions|178
4|1.2 Remediation Practices|179
4|1.3 Recent Trend in Regulating Contaminated Land Clean-Up Liability|181
3|2 Main Conflicts in Identification of Liable Parties of Contaminated Sites in Urban Areas|185
3|3 Principles in Finding Liable Parties for Contaminated Site Remediation in Urban Areas|187
4|3.1 Strict and Fault-Based Liability Principle|187
4|3.2 Retroactive Liability|188
4|3.3 Non-joint and Several Liability|189
3|4 Liable Parties for Contaminated Sites Clean-Up in Urban China|189
4|4.1 The State and Government|190
5|4.1.1 State as Landowner|190
5|4.1.2 The State as Owner of the Enterprise or Facility|190
5|4.1.3 State as Land Expropriator (Local Government)|191
5|4.1.4 State as Land Transferor or Allotter (Local Governments)|192
5|4.1.5 Government as Manager and Public Service Provider|192
4|4.2 Enterprise|193
5|4.2.1 Enterprise as Polluter and Their Successor|193
5|4.2.2 Existing Enterprise|193
4|4.3 Land User|194
5|4.3.1 Enterprise Owning Usufructuary Rights to Land|194
5|4.3.2 Real Estate Developer Owning Usufructuary Rights to Land|194
5|4.3.3 Resident as Land User|194
5|4.3.4 Other Parties Related to Contaminated Sites in Urban Areas|195
3|5 Remarks|195
3|References|196
2|The Rehabilitation of Contaminated Land to Enhance Future Options for Cities|198
3|1 Introduction|198
3|2 The Global Challenge of Contaminated Land in Cities|200
4|2.1 Sources, Impacts and Scale of Contaminated Land in Urban Areas|200
4|2.2 Challenges of Rehabilitation|201
4|2.3 Opportunities Offered by Rehabilitation of Contaminated Land|203
3|3 Challenges and Opportunities in Practice: How Rehabilitated Land Can Enhance the Future of Cities|204
4|3.1 Case Study: Glasgow|204
5|3.1.1 The Sighthill TRA|206
5|3.1.2 The Clyde Gateway Project|207
4|3.2 Case Study: Hong Kong|212
5|3.2.1 Redevelopment of Cheoy Lee Shipyard for Disneyland, Lantau Island|213
5|3.2.2 Redevelopment of Former Kai Tak Airport, Kowloon East|215
4|3.3 Incorporating Land Rehabilitation into a Future Vision for Cities|217
3|4 Conclusions|219
3|References|220
2|An Environmental Perspective on Urbanization: Research Needs for Strengthening Environmental Aspects in Urban Development|223
3|1 Introduction and Background|223
3|2 The Present Situation in Europe and Germany: The Role of Environmental Aspects in Urban Development|225
3|3 What to Do? The Need for Research and Suitable Approaches to Better Integrate Environmental Aspects into Urban Development|228
3|4 First Strategic Research Activities and Future Outlook|231
3|5 Conclusion and Recommendations|232
3|References|233
1|Part II: Recent Developments of Soil Regulation at International Level|235
2|UNCCD COP 13: From Awareness to Action in a Complex World|236
3|1 The Broad Picture|236
3|2 Lands and Development|237
3|3 Lands, Climate, Biodiversity, and Society: No Trade-Offs|241
3|4 A New Strategic Framework: Looking Forward|246
3|5 Land Degradation Neutrality: A Piece of the Planetary Balance Puzzle|246
3|6 No One Left Behind: Land and Gender Equality|247
3|7 Healthy Lands and Migrations|248
3|8 Unavoidable Interconnections: Drought, and Sand and Dust Storms|248
3|9 Sounder Science for Sounder Action: Not Only Knowledge but Also Building Capacity to Act|249
3|10 Mobilizing the ``Real World´´: Private Sector and Civil Society Engagement|250
3|11 Conclusion: The Ordos Declaration|251
3|References|252
2|Implementing the Paris Climate Agreement: Risks and Opportunities for Sustainable Land Use|255
3|1 Introduction|255
3|2 Paris Climate Agreement: Key Elements to Limit Global Warming Well Below 2 C|256
3|3 Emissions Gap and Remaining Budget|258
4|3.1 Emissions Gap|258
4|3.2 GHG Concentrations|260
4|3.3 Emission Budget (CO2)|261
3|4 Carbon Dioxide Removal|262
4|4.1 Disrupting the Natural Balance|262
4|4.2 Net-Negative Emissions|263
4|4.3 Risks of Carbon Dioxide Removal|265
4|4.4 The Potential of Sustainable Land Use|267
3|5 Global Governance of Carbon Dioxide Removal|269
3|6 Conclusion|272
3|References|272
2|Implementing the New Urban Agenda: Urban and Territorial Integration Approaches in Support of Urban Food Systems|277
3|1 Introduction|277
4|1.1 Background|277
4|1.2 Urbanisation and Food Systems: Opportunities and Challenges|278
4|1.3 Food Systems in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)|279
4|1.4 The Development of the NUA|280
4|1.5 Issue Paper on Urban-Rural Linkages|281
4|1.6 Expert Group Meetings (EGMs)|282
4|1.7 Methodology|283
3|2 Reflections on the Habitat Agenda (1996): Building on the Gains|283
3|3 Opportunities for Implementation of Food Systems Outlined in the NUA|284
4|3.1 Urban-Rural Linkages and Impact on Food Systems|285
4|3.2 National Urban Policies|286
4|3.3 Integrated and Balanced Territorial Development|286
4|3.4 Support to Small and Intermediate Towns|288
4|3.5 Sustainable Land Use|289
4|3.6 Environmental Sustainability|290
4|3.7 Markets|291
4|3.8 Urban Agriculture|292
4|3.9 Partnerships|292
3|4 Key Global Processes and Frameworks Supporting Sustainable Urban Food Systems|293
4|4.1 CFS Work on Urbanisation and Food Systems|293
4|4.2 Global Land Tenure Network|293
4|4.3 Milan Urban Food Policy Pact|294
4|4.4 City Region Food Systems|295
4|4.5 Bellagio Communique|295
4|4.6 UN-Habitat´s Position and Actions|296
3|5 Conclusion|297
3|References|297
1|Part III: National and Regional Soil Legislation|300
2|Canadian Soil Law|301
3|1 Introduction|301
3|2 Constitutional Challenges to Regulating Soils|302
3|3 Canadian Soil Surveys|303
3|4 Soils and Sustainable Development|304
3|5 Soils and the Agriculture Sector|305
4|5.1 Tracking Soil Quality Trends|305
4|5.2 Erosion|306
4|5.3 Runoff|309
4|5.4 Phytosanitary Requirements|310
4|5.5 Climate Change|311
3|6 Soils and the Forestry Sector|312
3|7 Soils and Contaminated Sites|313
3|8 Oil Sands|314
3|9 Conclusion|315
3|References|315
3|Documents|315
3|Regulation|317
3|Jurisprudence|317
2|Soil Protection Law in Uganda|318
3|1 Background|318
3|2 Land and Soil Degradation in Uganda|319
3|3 Land Tenure in Uganda|320
4|3.1 Customary Land Tenure|321
4|3.2 Mailo Land Tenure|322
4|3.3 Freehold Land Tenure|322
4|3.4 Leasehold System|323
4|3.5 Public Land|323
3|4 Reviewing the Policy and Legal Status of Soil Protection in Uganda|323
4|4.1 International Regulatory Framework for Soil Protection|323
5|4.1.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992)|324
5|4.1.2 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992|324
5|4.1.3 The United Nations´ Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) (1994)|324
5|4.1.4 The Revised African Convention on Nature and Natural Resources (2003)|325
5|4.1.5 The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community (1999)|325
5|4.1.6 The Protocol on Environment and Natural Resources Management (2006)|326
4|4.2 National Regulatory Framework Relevant for Soil Protection|326
5|4.2.1 Policy Framework|327
6|The Uganda Vision 2040|327
6|The National Land Policy, 2013|327
6|The National Agriculture Policy, 2013|328
6|The Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001|328
6|The National Environment Management Policy for Uganda, 1994|329
5|4.2.2 Legal Framework|329
6|The Constitution of Uganda 1995 (as Amended)|329
6|The National Environment Act Cap 153|330
6|The Land Act Cap 227|331
6|National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003|331
6|The Prohibition of the Burning of Grass Act Cap 33|332
6|The Cattle Grazing Act Cap 42|332
3|5 Conclusion|332
3|References|333
2|The Design of the Political and Legal Framework on Soil Conservation in Mozambique: Deeply Unfinished|334
3|1 Introduction|334
3|2 Agro-Ecological Zones and Their Features|336
4|2.1 Agro-Ecological Zone R1|336
4|2.2 Agro-Ecological Zone R2|336
4|2.3 Agro-Ecological Zone R3|337
4|2.4 Agro-Ecological Zone R4|337
4|2.5 Agro-Ecological Zone R5|337
4|2.6 Agro-Ecological Zone R6|338
4|2.7 Agro-Ecological Zone R7|338
4|2.8 Agro-Ecological Zone R8|339
4|2.9 Agro-Ecological Zone R9|339
4|2.10 Agro-Ecological Zone R10|339
3|3 The Conservation of Soils Under the Constitution|341
3|4 The Principle of the Sustainable Use of Soils|342
3|5 Agrarian Policy, Land Policy and Soils Issues|343
3|6 Draft Law on Agriculture|344
3|7 The Institutional Framework of the Soil´s Administration and Management|345
3|8 Conclusion|346
3|References|346
1|Part IV: Cross-Cutting Topics|348
2|Human Rights Based Approach to Sustainable Agricultural Policies and Food Security|349
3|1 Introduction|349
3|2 Current State of Food Security|350
4|2.1 Severe Food Insecurity: Starvation and Famine|350
4|2.2 Sustainable Agriculture|352
3|3 Root Causes of Food Insecurity|353
4|3.1 Land and Soil Degradation and Pollution|353
4|3.2 Industrial Agriculture|355
4|3.3 Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events|356
4|3.4 Rapid Urbanization and Impact on Food Security|358
3|4 Human Rights-Based Approach to Food Security|359
4|4.1 International Human Rights Law Applicable to Right to Food and Access to Resources|360
5|4.1.1 Obligations of States|362
5|4.1.2 Soft Law Instruments|362
4|4.2 Why Human Rights-Based Approach to Food Security?|364
5|4.2.1 Justiciability|365
5|4.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals and Human Rights-Based Approach|366
4|4.3 Protection of Specific Groups´ Access to Land and Natural Resources|367
5|4.3.1 Access to Land and Other Resources in Rural Areas|367
5|4.3.2 Indigenous Peoples|368
5|4.3.3 Peasants|369
5|4.3.4 Women|370
3|5 Conclusion|371
3|References|372
2|Unlocking the Potential of Soil Organic Carbon: A Feasible Way Forward|375
3|1 Introduction|375
3|2 Why Is SOC Important?|377
4|2.1 Human Health and Food Security|378
3|3 Effects of Climate Change on SOC|378
3|4 SOC and Soil Biodiversity|380
3|5 Global SOC Stocks|381
4|5.1 Global Soil Organic Carbon Map (GSOCmap)|383
3|6 Challenges in Managing and Monitoring SOC|386
3|7 Unlocking the Potential of SOC: Priorities for Action|389
4|7.1 Technical Manual on SOC Management|390
4|7.2 Guidelines for Measuring, Mapping, Monitoring, and Reporting on SOC|391
4|7.3 International Network of Black Soils (INBS)|393
3|8 Conclusions and Way Forward|394
3|References|395
1|Preface|10
1|Contents|13
1|Part I: The Theme: `Urbanisation and Sustainable Management of Soils´|15
2|Urbanisation and Urban Land Use: A Normative Compass for Sustainable Urban Governance|16
3|1 Introduction|16
3|2 International Law on Sustainable City Development and Land Use|18
4|2.1 Sustainable Development Goals|18
4|2.2 International Soil Protection Law and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)|20
4|2.3 UN-Habitat, UN Conferences on Human Settlements and the New Urban Agenda|21
4|2.4 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Paris Agreement (PA)|23
4|2.5 Conclusion|25
3|3 A Normative Compass as Guiding Principle for Sustainable City Development|26
3|4 Freedoms and Limitations for Cities to Act Sustainably|27
4|4.1 National Frameworks for Shaping Sustainable Cities|27
5|4.1.1 Responsibilities of Cities Towards Their Citizens|27
5|4.1.2 City Authorities in Legal Dependence of States|28
5|4.1.3 Institutional Frameworks Within Cities|29
5|4.1.4 The Instrument of Transformative Planning for Sustainable Urban Land Use|30
6|Driving Forces of Urban Land Use Development|30
6|Guiding Principles for Transformative Land-Use Planning|32
4|4.2 Legal Implications of Transnational Urban Activities|33
5|4.2.1 Vertical Urban Governance: Influence on International Law in Agency of States|34
5|4.2.2 Horizontal Urban Governance: Bilateral Cooperation and Transnational Networks of Cities|35
5|4.2.3 National Legal Restrictions to Urban `Foreign Policy´|36
4|4.3 Perspectives for Enhancing Cities´ National and Transnational Impacts|37
5|4.3.1 WBGU: A Polycentric Responsibility Architecture for Sustainable City Development|38
5|4.3.2 Cities´ Role in International Negotiations|38
3|5 Conclusion|39
3|References|40
2|Sustainable Cities in India: A Governance Challenge|42
3|1 Introduction|42
3|2 City-Centric Development|43
3|3 What Is Urbanization?|44
3|4 Challenges of Urbanization|45
4|4.1 Environment Destruction|45
4|4.2 Global Warming and Climate Change|47
4|4.3 Land and Construction|48
4|4.4 Transportation|48
4|4.5 Air Pollution|49
4|4.6 Water Crisis|50
4|4.7 Energy|51
3|5 Governance Challenge|51
3|6 Smart Cities in India|57
3|7 Is Urbanization a Necessity?|60
3|8 International Instruments at Work|61
3|9 Conclusion|64
3|References|65
2|Sustainable Management of Urban Soils: The New Zealand Approach|68
3|1 Introduction|68
3|2 The Soil Problem in New Zealand|69
3|3 A Brief History of Soil Protection Measures in New Zealand|71
3|4 Reform of Environmental Law and Policy Since 1984|73
4|4.1 Administrative and Legal Reforms 1984-1991|73
5|4.1.1 Administrative Governance Reforms|73
5|4.1.2 Reform of Environmental Legislation|74
4|4.2 The Resource Management Act 1991: A Blueprint for Sustainable Environmental Management?|75
5|4.2.1 The Purpose and Principles of the RMA|75
5|4.2.2 The Policy, Planning and Decision-Making Structure Under the RMA|77
3|5 The RMA and Sustainable Soil Management|78
4|5.1 General Provisions Under the RMA|79
4|5.2 Central Government Policy and Guidance|80
5|5.2.1 National Policy Statements and National Environmental Standards|80
4|5.3 Local Government Responsibility for Soil Management|82
5|5.3.1 Regional Council Responsibility for Soil Management|82
5|5.3.2 Territorial Authority Responsibility for Soil Management|85
5|5.3.3 Soil Protection and Management in the Courts|86
3|6 Other Government Policy and Guidance on Soil Management|87
4|6.1 National `State of the Environment´ Reporting and Future Directions|87
4|6.2 Practical Measures and Programmes to Protect and Improve Soils|89
4|6.3 The Department of Conservation and the `Conservation Estate´|90
4|6.4 Other Relevant Legislation|90
3|7 Conclusion|91
3|References|93
2|Land Take and Soil Sealing-Drivers, Trends and Policy (Legal) Instruments: Insights from European Cities|96
3|1 Introduction|96
3|2 Methodology|98
3|3 Urbanisation Trends and Drivers|99
4|3.1 Urbanisation Trends|99
5|3.1.1 Key Features of Assessed Urban Agglomerations|100
5|3.1.2 Population Dynamics|100
5|3.1.3 Dynamics of Soil Sealing|103
5|3.1.4 Land Take: Dynamics of Artificial Areas|103
5|3.1.5 Dynamics of Agriculture, Forest and Natural Areas (AFN)|107
5|3.1.6 Conclusions|107
4|3.2 Drivers Behind Land Take and Soil Sealing|109
3|4 Responses: Legislation and Policies|112
4|4.1 EU Legislation and Policies|112
4|4.2 National-Level Legislation|113
5|4.2.1 Legal Protection of Green Areas, i.e. Forest, Nature Protection Areas Through Environmental Legislation Governing Land U...|114
5|4.2.2 Protection of Agricultural Land|114
5|4.2.3 Prioritisation of Urban Renewal Over Expansion of Settlements in Undeveloped Areas|114
5|4.2.4 Densification of Settlements Through Building on Insufficiently Utilised Sites Within Existing Settlements|115
5|4.2.5 The Use of Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures|115
5|4.2.6 Land Take Targets|115
4|4.3 City-Level Instruments|116
5|4.3.1 Spatial Planning|116
5|4.3.2 Strategic Documents|118
5|4.3.3 Integrated: Joint Planning|119
5|4.3.4 Fiscal Instruments|119
4|4.4 Success Factors That Increase the Impact of Instruments|120
4|4.5 Limitations and Barriers to Preventing Soil Sealing and Land Take|121
3|5 Conclusions and Recommendations|123
3|References|124
2|Environmental Law Tools for the Idea of a Compact City. Learning from the Dutch Case|126
3|1 Introduction|126
3|2 The Concept of the Compact City in Literature|128
4|2.1 Concept|128
4|2.2 Goals|128
3|3 EU Policy|129
3|4 The Dutch Approach|132
4|4.1 Managing Urban Growth: Ladder of Sustainable Urbanisation|132
4|4.2 Obstacles for Realising the Concept of the Compact City|133
4|4.3 Flexibility: Instruments for an Integrated Approach|136
4|4.4 The New Dutch Environmental and Planning Act|139
3|5 Concluding Remarks|140
3|References|141
2|Tradable Land Planning Certificates to Reduce Land Take: Results of a Simulation Game with Communities in Germany|143
3|1 Introduction|143
3|2 Scope of the Project|145
4|2.1 Principle, Rules and Project Approach|145
4|2.2 Objectives|147
4|2.3 Land Take Targets for the Simulation Game|147
4|2.4 Participating Communities|147
4|2.5 Implementation of the Simulation Game|148
3|3 Decision Support for the Municipalities|151
4|3.1 Inventory of the Planned Construction Sites|151
4|3.2 Inventory of Inner Urban Development Potential|152
4|3.3 Survey of Potential Recovery and Rebuilding Areas for the Generation of White Certificates|152
4|3.4 Fiscal Values of Planned Development Areas|153
3|4 Major Results|154
4|4.1 Unprofitable Construction Areas|154
4|4.2 Inner Urban Development|154
4|4.3 White Certificates|155
4|4.4 Central Economic Findings|155
5|4.4.1 Certificates´ Price|155
5|4.4.2 Efficiency of the Certificate Market|156
5|4.4.3 Buyer and Seller|156
5|4.4.4 Impact on Land Prices|157
3|5 Conclusion and Outlook|157
3|References|158
2|Artificialised Land and Land Take: What Policies Will Limit Its Expansion and/or Reduce Its Impacts?|160
3|1 A Difficult-to-Grasp Concept, Artificialised Land Is the Variety of Land Use Supporting All Human Activities Other Than Agri...|162
4|1.1 Disagreements in Measurement|162
4|1.2 Is the Sealing of Surfaces Synonymous with Land Take?|164
4|1.3 Urbanisation, a Major Driver of Land Take, Continues Beyond City Borders|165
4|1.4 An Analytical Framework for the Impacts of Land Take That Accounts for the Heterogeneity of the Process|167
3|2 Efficient but Ill-Equipped Public Policy Instruments and Regulations to Control Land Take|168
4|2.1 Avoiding Land Take in a Context Where Many Legal Measures Encourage It|168
4|2.2 Avoiding the Artificialisation of Specific Types of Areas|169
4|2.3 Densification of Already Artificialised Areas Requires a Strong Will but Leads to Positive Outcomes|171
4|2.4 How to Reduce the Impacts of Land Take|172
5|2.4.1 Knowledge of Soils and the Environment Prior to Artificialisation, a Public Policy Issue|172
5|2.4.2 Land Use and Soil Quality; Should a Tool Be Created?|172
5|2.4.3 Land Recycling|173
5|2.4.4 Limiting the Sealing of Artificial Spaces|173
4|2.5 Can We Compensate for Land Take?|174
3|3 Conclusion|175
3|References|175
2|Cleaning Up Contaminated Sites in Urban China: Who Should Be Liable?|177
3|1 Parties Liable for Cleaning Up Contaminated Sites: Current Status in China|178
4|1.1 Court Decisions|178
4|1.2 Remediation Practices|179
4|1.3 Recent Trend in Regulating Contaminated Land Clean-Up Liability|181
3|2 Main Conflicts in Identification of Liable Parties of Contaminated Sites in Urban Areas|185
3|3 Principles in Finding Liable Parties for Contaminated Site Remediation in Urban Areas|187
4|3.1 Strict and Fault-Based Liability Principle|187
4|3.2 Retroactive Liability|188
4|3.3 Non-joint and Several Liability|189
3|4 Liable Parties for Contaminated Sites Clean-Up in Urban China|189
4|4.1 The State and Government|190
5|4.1.1 State as Landowner|190
5|4.1.2 The State as Owner of the Enterprise or Facility|190
5|4.1.3 State as Land Expropriator (Local Government)|191
5|4.1.4 State as Land Transferor or Allotter (Local Governments)|192
5|4.1.5 Government as Manager and Public Service Provider|192
4|4.2 Enterprise|193
5|4.2.1 Enterprise as Polluter and Their Successor|193
5|4.2.2 Existing Enterprise|193
4|4.3 Land User|194
5|4.3.1 Enterprise Owning Usufructuary Rights to Land|194
5|4.3.2 Real Estate Developer Owning Usufructuary Rights to Land|194
5|4.3.3 Resident as Land User|194
5|4.3.4 Other Parties Related to Contaminated Sites in Urban Areas|195
3|5 Remarks|195
3|References|196
2|The Rehabilitation of Contaminated Land to Enhance Future Options for Cities|198
3|1 Introduction|198
3|2 The Global Challenge of Contaminated Land in Cities|200
4|2.1 Sources, Impacts and Scale of Contaminated Land in Urban Areas|200
4|2.2 Challenges of Rehabilitation|201
4|2.3 Opportunities Offered by Rehabilitation of Contaminated Land|203
3|3 Challenges and Opportunities in Practice: How Rehabilitated Land Can Enhance the Future of Cities|204
4|3.1 Case Study: Glasgow|204
5|3.1.1 The Sighthill TRA|206
5|3.1.2 The Clyde Gateway Project|207
4|3.2 Case Study: Hong Kong|212
5|3.2.1 Redevelopment of Cheoy Lee Shipyard for Disneyland, Lantau Island|213
5|3.2.2 Redevelopment of Former Kai Tak Airport, Kowloon East|215
4|3.3 Incorporating Land Rehabilitation into a Future Vision for Cities|217
3|4 Conclusions|219
3|References|220
2|An Environmental Perspective on Urbanization: Research Needs for Strengthening Environmental Aspects in Urban Development|223
3|1 Introduction and Background|223
3|2 The Present Situation in Europe and Germany: The Role of Environmental Aspects in Urban Development|225
3|3 What to Do? The Need for Research and Suitable Approaches to Better Integrate Environmental Aspects into Urban Development|228
3|4 First Strategic Research Activities and Future Outlook|231
3|5 Conclusion and Recommendations|232
3|References|233
1|Part II: Recent Developments of Soil Regulation at International Level|235
2|UNCCD COP 13: From Awareness to Action in a Complex World|236
3|1 The Broad Picture|236
3|2 Lands and Development|237
3|3 Lands, Climate, Biodiversity, and Society: No Trade-Offs|241
3|4 A New Strategic Framework: Looking Forward|246
3|5 Land Degradation Neutrality: A Piece of the Planetary Balance Puzzle|246
3|6 No One Left Behind: Land and Gender Equality|247
3|7 Healthy Lands and Migrations|248
3|8 Unavoidable Interconnections: Drought, and Sand and Dust Storms|248
3|9 Sounder Science for Sounder Action: Not Only Knowledge but Also Building Capacity to Act|249
3|10 Mobilizing the ``Real World´´: Private Sector and Civil Society Engagement|250
3|11 Conclusion: The Ordos Declaration|251
3|References|252
2|Implementing the Paris Climate Agreement: Risks and Opportunities for Sustainable Land Use|255
3|1 Introduction|255
3|2 Paris Climate Agreement: Key Elements to Limit Global Warming Well Below 2 C|256
3|3 Emissions Gap and Remaining Budget|258
4|3.1 Emissions Gap|258
4|3.2 GHG Concentrations|260
4|3.3 Emission Budget (CO2)|261
3|4 Carbon Dioxide Removal|262
4|4.1 Disrupting the Natural Balance|262
4|4.2 Net-Negative Emissions|263
4|4.3 Risks of Carbon Dioxide Removal|265
4|4.4 The Potential of Sustainable Land Use|267
3|5 Global Governance of Carbon Dioxide Removal|269
3|6 Conclusion|272
3|References|272
2|Implementing the New Urban Agenda: Urban and Territorial Integration Approaches in Support of Urban Food Systems|277
3|1 Introduction|277
4|1.1 Background|277
4|1.2 Urbanisation and Food Systems: Opportunities and Challenges|278
4|1.3 Food Systems in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)|279
4|1.4 The Development of the NUA|280
4|1.5 Issue Paper on Urban-Rural Linkages|281
4|1.6 Expert Group Meetings (EGMs)|282
4|1.7 Methodology|283
3|2 Reflections on the Habitat Agenda (1996): Building on the Gains|283
3|3 Opportunities for Implementation of Food Systems Outlined in the NUA|284
4|3.1 Urban-Rural Linkages and Impact on Food Systems|285
4|3.2 National Urban Policies|286
4|3.3 Integrated and Balanced Territorial Development|286
4|3.4 Support to Small and Intermediate Towns|288
4|3.5 Sustainable Land Use|289
4|3.6 Environmental Sustainability|290
4|3.7 Markets|291
4|3.8 Urban Agriculture|292
4|3.9 Partnerships|292
3|4 Key Global Processes and Frameworks Supporting Sustainable Urban Food Systems|293
4|4.1 CFS Work on Urbanisation and Food Systems|293
4|4.2 Global Land Tenure Network|293
4|4.3 Milan Urban Food Policy Pact|294
4|4.4 City Region Food Systems|295
4|4.5 Bellagio Communique|295
4|4.6 UN-Habitat´s Position and Actions|296
3|5 Conclusion|297
3|References|297
1|Part III: National and Regional Soil Legislation|300
2|Canadian Soil Law|301
3|1 Introduction|301
3|2 Constitutional Challenges to Regulating Soils|302
3|3 Canadian Soil Surveys|303
3|4 Soils and Sustainable Development|304
3|5 Soils and the Agriculture Sector|305
4|5.1 Tracking Soil Quality Trends|305
4|5.2 Erosion|306
4|5.3 Runoff|309
4|5.4 Phytosanitary Requirements|310
4|5.5 Climate Change|311
3|6 Soils and the Forestry Sector|312
3|7 Soils and Contaminated Sites|313
3|8 Oil Sands|314
3|9 Conclusion|315
3|References|315
3|Documents|315
3|Regulation|317
3|Jurisprudence|317
2|Soil Protection Law in Uganda|318
3|1 Background|318
3|2 Land and Soil Degradation in Uganda|319
3|3 Land Tenure in Uganda|320
4|3.1 Customary Land Tenure|321
4|3.2 Mailo Land Tenure|322
4|3.3 Freehold Land Tenure|322
4|3.4 Leasehold System|323
4|3.5 Public Land|323
3|4 Reviewing the Policy and Legal Status of Soil Protection in Uganda|323
4|4.1 International Regulatory Framework for Soil Protection|323
5|4.1.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992)|324
5|4.1.2 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992|324
5|4.1.3 The United Nations´ Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) (1994)|324
5|4.1.4 The Revised African Convention on Nature and Natural Resources (2003)|325
5|4.1.5 The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community (1999)|325
5|4.1.6 The Protocol on Environment and Natural Resources Management (2006)|326
4|4.2 National Regulatory Framework Relevant for Soil Protection|326
5|4.2.1 Policy Framework|327
6|The Uganda Vision 2040|327
6|The National Land Policy, 2013|327
6|The National Agriculture Policy, 2013|328
6|The Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001|328
6|The National Environment Management Policy for Uganda, 1994|329
5|4.2.2 Legal Framework|329
6|The Constitution of Uganda 1995 (as Amended)|329
6|The National Environment Act Cap 153|330
6|The Land Act Cap 227|331
6|National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003|331
6|The Prohibition of the Burning of Grass Act Cap 33|332
6|The Cattle Grazing Act Cap 42|332
3|5 Conclusion|332
3|References|333
2|The Design of the Political and Legal Framework on Soil Conservation in Mozambique: Deeply Unfinished|334
3|1 Introduction|334
3|2 Agro-Ecological Zones and Their Features|336
4|2.1 Agro-Ecological Zone R1|336
4|2.2 Agro-Ecological Zone R2|336
4|2.3 Agro-Ecological Zone R3|337
4|2.4 Agro-Ecological Zone R4|337
4|2.5 Agro-Ecological Zone R5|337
4|2.6 Agro-Ecological Zone R6|338
4|2.7 Agro-Ecological Zone R7|338
4|2.8 Agro-Ecological Zone R8|339
4|2.9 Agro-Ecological Zone R9|339
4|2.10 Agro-Ecological Zone R10|339
3|3 The Conservation of Soils Under the Constitution|341
3|4 The Principle of the Sustainable Use of Soils|342
3|5 Agrarian Policy, Land Policy and Soils Issues|343
3|6 Draft Law on Agriculture|344
3|7 The Institutional Framework of the Soil´s Administration and Management|345
3|8 Conclusion|346
3|References|346
1|Part IV: Cross-Cutting Topics|348
2|Human Rights Based Approach to Sustainable Agricultural Policies and Food Security|349
3|1 Introduction|349
3|2 Current State of Food Security|350
4|2.1 Severe Food Insecurity: Starvation and Famine|350
4|2.2 Sustainable Agriculture|352
3|3 Root Causes of Food Insecurity|353
4|3.1 Land and Soil Degradation and Pollution|353
4|3.2 Industrial Agriculture|355
4|3.3 Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events|356
4|3.4 Rapid Urbanization and Impact on Food Security|358
3|4 Human Rights-Based Approach to Food Security|359
4|4.1 International Human Rights Law Applicable to Right to Food and Access to Resources|360
5|4.1.1 Obligations of States|362
5|4.1.2 Soft Law Instruments|362
4|4.2 Why Human Rights-Based Approach to Food Security?|364
5|4.2.1 Justiciability|365
5|4.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals and Human Rights-Based Approach|366
4|4.3 Protection of Specific Groups´ Access to Land and Natural Resources|367
5|4.3.1 Access to Land and Other Resources in Rural Areas|367
5|4.3.2 Indigenous Peoples|368
5|4.3.3 Peasants|369
5|4.3.4 Women|370
3|5 Conclusion|371
3|References|372
2|Unlocking the Potential of Soil Organic Carbon: A Feasible Way Forward|375
3|1 Introduction|375
3|2 Why Is SOC Important?|377
4|2.1 Human Health and Food Security|378
3|3 Effects of Climate Change on SOC|378
3|4 SOC and Soil Biodiversity|380
3|5 Global SOC Stocks|381
4|5.1 Global Soil Organic Carbon Map (GSOCmap)|383
3|6 Challenges in Managing and Monitoring SOC|386
3|7 Unlocking the Potential of SOC: Priorities for Action|389
4|7.1 Technical Manual on SOC Management|390
4|7.2 Guidelines for Measuring, Mapping, Monitoring, and Reporting on SOC|391
4|7.3 International Network of Black Soils (INBS)|393
3|8 Conclusions and Way Forward|394
3|References|395