File #2725: "2019_Book_UrbanisationAndCrimeInNigeria.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword I|7
1|Foreword II|10
1|Preface and Acknowledgements|13
1|Contents|17
1|Abbreviations|19
1|List of Figures|22
1|List of Tables|24
1|1: Introduction|26
2|1.1 Overview of the Book|26
2|1.2 Why This Book Was Written|28
2|1.3 Who Should Read This Book|30
2|1.4 A Note on Sources|31
2|1.5 Structure of the Book|33
2|References|36
1|2: Nigeria’s Urbanisation History, Trends, Drivers and Implications|37
2|2.1 Urban Settlements and Urbanisation: Conceptual Clarification|37
2|2.2 Brief Historical Context of Urbanisation in Nigeria|39
2|2.3 Urban Data, Trends and Scale of Contemporary Urbanisation|43
3|2.3.1 GRUMP Dataset|45
3|2.3.2 WorldPop Dataset|46
3|2.3.3 Africapolis Dataset|47
3|2.3.4 United Nations World Urbanisation Prospects|48
3|2.3.5 Urbanisation Trends|49
3|2.3.6 Density and Expansion of Urban Frontiers|50
2|2.4 What Is Driving Urbanisation in Nigeria?|60
2|2.5 Cities as Forces of Transformation|64
2|2.6 A Diagnosis of Challenges Confronting Nigerian Cities and Urban Dwellers|68
2|2.7 Urbanisation and the Crime Challenge|70
2|References|74
1|3: The Criminal Justice System: Actors, Processes and Policies|83
2|3.1 The Colonial Foundations of the Nigerian Criminal Justice System|83
2|3.2 Legal Frameworks for Criminal Proceedings in Nigeria|89
3|3.2.1 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999|90
3|3.2.2 Criminal Procedure Act (CPA) and Criminal Procedure Laws of the Various States of the Federation|90
3|3.2.3 Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) and Criminal Procedure Code Laws of the Various States|91
3|3.2.4 Criminal Procedure Code Act Cap 491, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990|91
3|3.2.5 Criminal Code Act Cap C 38 Laws of the Federation 2004 and Criminal Code Laws of the Southern States|92
3|3.2.6 Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment) Act, 2004|92
3|3.2.7 Recovery of Public Property (Special Provisions) Act|93
3|3.2.8 Police Act Cap P19 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004|93
3|3.2.9 Public Order Act (Cap P42) Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004|93
3|3.2.10 Terrorism (Prevention) Act No. 10, 2011 and Terrorism (Prevention) (Amendment) Act, 2013|94
3|3.2.11 Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act 2011 and Money Laundering (Prohibition) (Amendment) Act 2012|94
3|3.2.12 Cybercrimes (Prohibition and Prevention) Act|94
3|3.2.13 Other Ancillary Frameworks|94
3|3.2.14 Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015|95
2|3.3 Systemic Indices of Failure|96
3|3.3.1 Failure of Governance|98
3|3.3.2 Lack of Public Confidence in the Police and Justice System|100
3|3.3.3 Weak Enforcement of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA)|100
3|3.3.4 Connivance of State Security Actors with Vandals|101
3|3.3.5 Inter-Agency Rivalry Among Internal Security Institutions in Nigeria|101
2|3.4 Impact of the Criminal Justice System on Security|103
2|References|104
1|4: Applicability of Traditional Environmental Criminological Theories in Developing Country Contexts|107
2|4.1 Theories and Their Usefulness for Studying Urban Crime|107
2|4.2 Overview of Environmental Criminology Theories|112
3|4.2.1 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)|115
3|4.2.2 Crime Opportunity Theory|117
3|4.2.3 Routine Activity Theory|118
3|4.2.4 Crime Pattern Theory|121
3|4.2.5 Broken Windows Theory|122
3|4.2.6 Rational Choice Theory|124
2|4.3 Using Theories and Empirical Frameworks to Support Evidence-Based Security Decision-Making|126
2|4.4 Reflections: The Case for a New Wave of African Urban Ecological Theories of Crime|127
2|References|130
1|5: A Framework for Intercity Comparative Analysis of Crime|137
2|5.1 Arguments in Support of Intercity Comparative Analysis of Crime|137
2|5.2 Crime Frequency|140
3|5.2.1 Volume of Urban Crime|140
3|5.2.2 Prevalence of Urban Crime|141
3|5.2.3 Incidence of Urban Crime|142
2|5.3 Concentration of Crime|145
3|5.3.1 Urban Crime Concentration Among Victims|145
3|5.3.2 Urban Crime Concentration at Places|146
2|5.4 Fear of Crime|146
2|5.5 Crime Specialisation|148
2|5.6 Crime Trends|150
2|5.7 Drivers of Crime|152
2|5.8 Impact of Crime|154
2|References|155
1|6: Contemporary Configuration of Crime Across Nigerian Cities|159
2|6.1 Sources of Crime Data in Nigeria|159
3|6.1.1 Official Crime Data|160
3|6.1.2 Crime Victim Surveys|161
4|The National Crime Victimisation Survey (NCVS)|161
4|The Afrobarometer Study|162
4|The Crime and Corruption Business Survey|163
3|6.1.3 Self-reported Crime Datasets|164
2|6.2 Urban Crime Morphology and Mapping|165
2|6.3 Pervasiveness of Crime and Collective Perception|166
2|6.4 Spatial and Temporal Structure of Violent Crimes|169
2|6.5 Spatial and Temporal Structure of Property Crimes|178
2|6.6 Spatial and Temporal Structure of Serious Sexual Offences|187
2|References|190
1|7: Crime Precipitators|194
2|7.1 Deprivation and Social Polarisation|194
2|7.2 Migration and Unemployment|198
2|7.3 Proliferation of Shanty Settlements, Demolition and Displacement|198
2|7.4 Social Exclusion and Poor Community Networking|199
2|7.5 Weakened Family Structure and Breakdown of Value Systems|200
2|7.6 Hate Speeches, Radicalisation and Violent Extremism|200
2|7.7 Population Growth|201
2|7.8 Increasing Wave of White-Collar Criminals in Public Service|202
2|7.9 Uncontrolled Street Trading|203
2|7.10 Drug Abuse|203
2|7.11 Small Arms and Light Weapons Trafficking|204
2|7.12 Incessant Political Violence|205
2|7.13 Agitation for Environmental Justice|205
2|References|206
1|8: Urban Crime Harm|209
2|8.1 Concept and Classification of the Cost of Crime|209
2|8.2 Crime Harm: A Different Approach to Evaluating the Repercussions of Crime|211
2|8.3 Why Does Harm Matter?|212
2|8.4 Modelling Urban Crime Harm in Nigeria|214
2|8.5 Variations in the Distribution of Crime Harm in Nigeria|216
2|References|219
1|9: Urban Crime Prevention and Control|221
2|9.1 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)|221
3|9.1.1 Territorial Behaviour Strategy|222
3|9.1.2 Surveillance Strategy|223
3|9.1.3 Lighting Strategy|224
3|9.1.4 Security Barriers|225
3|9.1.5 Landscaping|226
3|9.1.6 Activity Support|227
3|9.1.7 Situational Crime Prevention (SCP)|227
2|9.2 Co-opted Community Policing|228
2|9.3 State-Sponsored Community Policing|232
3|9.3.1 Yobe Peace Group (YPG)|234
3|9.3.2 Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF)|234
3|9.3.3 Ibn Fadlallah Vigilante Group|236
2|9.4 Joint Patrol System Among Security Forces|236
2|9.5 Establishment of the Neighbourhood Safety Corps (NSC)|237
2|9.6 Enactment of Anti-kidnapping Legislation|238
2|9.7 Community Organising|238
2|9.8 Voluntary Sector Participation|239
2|9.9 Community Crime Prevention Approach|240
2|9.10 Amnesty Programme|240
2|References|241
1|10: Conclusion|245
2|10.1 Summary of Stylised Facts|245
2|10.2 Nexus with Theory|248
2|10.3 Protecting Our Cities|250
3|10.3.1 Data|251
3|10.3.2 Promoting Evidence-Based Practice in Urban Policing|252
3|10.3.3 Improving Public Confidence in Law Enforcement Organisations|253
3|10.3.4 Corruption|254
3|10.3.5 Menace of Kidnapping|255
3|10.3.6 Young People|256
3|10.3.7 Urban Poor|256
3|10.3.8 Civilian Security Platforms|257
3|10.3.9 Digitisation and Speedy Prosecution of Criminal Trials|257
2|References|258
1|Index|260
1|Foreword II|10
1|Preface and Acknowledgements|13
1|Contents|17
1|Abbreviations|19
1|List of Figures|22
1|List of Tables|24
1|1: Introduction|26
2|1.1 Overview of the Book|26
2|1.2 Why This Book Was Written|28
2|1.3 Who Should Read This Book|30
2|1.4 A Note on Sources|31
2|1.5 Structure of the Book|33
2|References|36
1|2: Nigeria’s Urbanisation History, Trends, Drivers and Implications|37
2|2.1 Urban Settlements and Urbanisation: Conceptual Clarification|37
2|2.2 Brief Historical Context of Urbanisation in Nigeria|39
2|2.3 Urban Data, Trends and Scale of Contemporary Urbanisation|43
3|2.3.1 GRUMP Dataset|45
3|2.3.2 WorldPop Dataset|46
3|2.3.3 Africapolis Dataset|47
3|2.3.4 United Nations World Urbanisation Prospects|48
3|2.3.5 Urbanisation Trends|49
3|2.3.6 Density and Expansion of Urban Frontiers|50
2|2.4 What Is Driving Urbanisation in Nigeria?|60
2|2.5 Cities as Forces of Transformation|64
2|2.6 A Diagnosis of Challenges Confronting Nigerian Cities and Urban Dwellers|68
2|2.7 Urbanisation and the Crime Challenge|70
2|References|74
1|3: The Criminal Justice System: Actors, Processes and Policies|83
2|3.1 The Colonial Foundations of the Nigerian Criminal Justice System|83
2|3.2 Legal Frameworks for Criminal Proceedings in Nigeria|89
3|3.2.1 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999|90
3|3.2.2 Criminal Procedure Act (CPA) and Criminal Procedure Laws of the Various States of the Federation|90
3|3.2.3 Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) and Criminal Procedure Code Laws of the Various States|91
3|3.2.4 Criminal Procedure Code Act Cap 491, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990|91
3|3.2.5 Criminal Code Act Cap C 38 Laws of the Federation 2004 and Criminal Code Laws of the Southern States|92
3|3.2.6 Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment) Act, 2004|92
3|3.2.7 Recovery of Public Property (Special Provisions) Act|93
3|3.2.8 Police Act Cap P19 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004|93
3|3.2.9 Public Order Act (Cap P42) Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004|93
3|3.2.10 Terrorism (Prevention) Act No. 10, 2011 and Terrorism (Prevention) (Amendment) Act, 2013|94
3|3.2.11 Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act 2011 and Money Laundering (Prohibition) (Amendment) Act 2012|94
3|3.2.12 Cybercrimes (Prohibition and Prevention) Act|94
3|3.2.13 Other Ancillary Frameworks|94
3|3.2.14 Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015|95
2|3.3 Systemic Indices of Failure|96
3|3.3.1 Failure of Governance|98
3|3.3.2 Lack of Public Confidence in the Police and Justice System|100
3|3.3.3 Weak Enforcement of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA)|100
3|3.3.4 Connivance of State Security Actors with Vandals|101
3|3.3.5 Inter-Agency Rivalry Among Internal Security Institutions in Nigeria|101
2|3.4 Impact of the Criminal Justice System on Security|103
2|References|104
1|4: Applicability of Traditional Environmental Criminological Theories in Developing Country Contexts|107
2|4.1 Theories and Their Usefulness for Studying Urban Crime|107
2|4.2 Overview of Environmental Criminology Theories|112
3|4.2.1 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)|115
3|4.2.2 Crime Opportunity Theory|117
3|4.2.3 Routine Activity Theory|118
3|4.2.4 Crime Pattern Theory|121
3|4.2.5 Broken Windows Theory|122
3|4.2.6 Rational Choice Theory|124
2|4.3 Using Theories and Empirical Frameworks to Support Evidence-Based Security Decision-Making|126
2|4.4 Reflections: The Case for a New Wave of African Urban Ecological Theories of Crime|127
2|References|130
1|5: A Framework for Intercity Comparative Analysis of Crime|137
2|5.1 Arguments in Support of Intercity Comparative Analysis of Crime|137
2|5.2 Crime Frequency|140
3|5.2.1 Volume of Urban Crime|140
3|5.2.2 Prevalence of Urban Crime|141
3|5.2.3 Incidence of Urban Crime|142
2|5.3 Concentration of Crime|145
3|5.3.1 Urban Crime Concentration Among Victims|145
3|5.3.2 Urban Crime Concentration at Places|146
2|5.4 Fear of Crime|146
2|5.5 Crime Specialisation|148
2|5.6 Crime Trends|150
2|5.7 Drivers of Crime|152
2|5.8 Impact of Crime|154
2|References|155
1|6: Contemporary Configuration of Crime Across Nigerian Cities|159
2|6.1 Sources of Crime Data in Nigeria|159
3|6.1.1 Official Crime Data|160
3|6.1.2 Crime Victim Surveys|161
4|The National Crime Victimisation Survey (NCVS)|161
4|The Afrobarometer Study|162
4|The Crime and Corruption Business Survey|163
3|6.1.3 Self-reported Crime Datasets|164
2|6.2 Urban Crime Morphology and Mapping|165
2|6.3 Pervasiveness of Crime and Collective Perception|166
2|6.4 Spatial and Temporal Structure of Violent Crimes|169
2|6.5 Spatial and Temporal Structure of Property Crimes|178
2|6.6 Spatial and Temporal Structure of Serious Sexual Offences|187
2|References|190
1|7: Crime Precipitators|194
2|7.1 Deprivation and Social Polarisation|194
2|7.2 Migration and Unemployment|198
2|7.3 Proliferation of Shanty Settlements, Demolition and Displacement|198
2|7.4 Social Exclusion and Poor Community Networking|199
2|7.5 Weakened Family Structure and Breakdown of Value Systems|200
2|7.6 Hate Speeches, Radicalisation and Violent Extremism|200
2|7.7 Population Growth|201
2|7.8 Increasing Wave of White-Collar Criminals in Public Service|202
2|7.9 Uncontrolled Street Trading|203
2|7.10 Drug Abuse|203
2|7.11 Small Arms and Light Weapons Trafficking|204
2|7.12 Incessant Political Violence|205
2|7.13 Agitation for Environmental Justice|205
2|References|206
1|8: Urban Crime Harm|209
2|8.1 Concept and Classification of the Cost of Crime|209
2|8.2 Crime Harm: A Different Approach to Evaluating the Repercussions of Crime|211
2|8.3 Why Does Harm Matter?|212
2|8.4 Modelling Urban Crime Harm in Nigeria|214
2|8.5 Variations in the Distribution of Crime Harm in Nigeria|216
2|References|219
1|9: Urban Crime Prevention and Control|221
2|9.1 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)|221
3|9.1.1 Territorial Behaviour Strategy|222
3|9.1.2 Surveillance Strategy|223
3|9.1.3 Lighting Strategy|224
3|9.1.4 Security Barriers|225
3|9.1.5 Landscaping|226
3|9.1.6 Activity Support|227
3|9.1.7 Situational Crime Prevention (SCP)|227
2|9.2 Co-opted Community Policing|228
2|9.3 State-Sponsored Community Policing|232
3|9.3.1 Yobe Peace Group (YPG)|234
3|9.3.2 Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF)|234
3|9.3.3 Ibn Fadlallah Vigilante Group|236
2|9.4 Joint Patrol System Among Security Forces|236
2|9.5 Establishment of the Neighbourhood Safety Corps (NSC)|237
2|9.6 Enactment of Anti-kidnapping Legislation|238
2|9.7 Community Organising|238
2|9.8 Voluntary Sector Participation|239
2|9.9 Community Crime Prevention Approach|240
2|9.10 Amnesty Programme|240
2|References|241
1|10: Conclusion|245
2|10.1 Summary of Stylised Facts|245
2|10.2 Nexus with Theory|248
2|10.3 Protecting Our Cities|250
3|10.3.1 Data|251
3|10.3.2 Promoting Evidence-Based Practice in Urban Policing|252
3|10.3.3 Improving Public Confidence in Law Enforcement Organisations|253
3|10.3.4 Corruption|254
3|10.3.5 Menace of Kidnapping|255
3|10.3.6 Young People|256
3|10.3.7 Urban Poor|256
3|10.3.8 Civilian Security Platforms|257
3|10.3.9 Digitisation and Speedy Prosecution of Criminal Trials|257
2|References|258
1|Index|260