File #2733: "2019_Book_DictionaryOfStatusesWithinEULa.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|5
1|Contents|12
1|Introduction|17
2|References|22
1|Part I: Historical and Juridical Contexts for the Status Within European Union Law|23
2|Historical Overview of the Status Topic|24
3|1 Status in Ancient Rome|24
4|1.1 Status in the Language of the Romans|24
4|1.2 The Community Concept of Personal Status Within the Romans|25
4|1.3 The Stability of Personal Status|26
3|2 Status in the Medieval Age|27
3|3 Status and Legal Capacity: The Theory of the Three Status (XVI–XVIII Centuries)|28
3|4 French Revolution|28
3|5 Henry Sumner Maine’s Theory (Ancient Law: 1861)|29
3|6 Status and State|29
3|7 Persistence of Community Theories in the Face of Individualistic–Egalitarian Theories in the Most Recent Civil Doctrine|29
3|References|30
2|From Cosmopolitan Individual Status (French Civil Code of 1804) and “l’exercice des droits civils” to EU Citizenship|32
3|1 Introduction|32
3|2 Code Napoléon and How the Concept of Legal Capacity Has Evolved into Individual Supra-Regional Status|33
3|3 EU Citizenship As Fundamental to EU Individuals’ Status and “l’exercice des droits civils” in the Member State of Destination|36
3|4 The ‘Enjoyment of Civil Rights’ As an Instrument for Fulfilment of the Non-discrimination Principle|37
3|5 Conclusions|37
3|References|38
1|Part II: Dictionary of European Union Statuses|40
2|Administrative Judges in Europe|41
3|1 The Reasons Why There Are Administrative Judges in European Legal Systems|41
3|2 The Characteristics of the Review Carried Out by the Administrative Judge in Some European Legal Systems|43
3|3 The Role of the Case Law of the Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights as the Main Instrument for the Progressive Establishment of a European Process Model|45
3|References|47
2|Artist|48
3|1 Introduction|48
3|2 The Legal Scheme|49
3|3 European Union and International Legal Framework|49
3|4 Conclusion|53
2|Asylum Seeker|54
3|1 Introduction|54
3|2 The Traditional Understanding of ‘Asylum Seeker’ in International Law|55
3|3 The Definition of ‘Asylum Seeker’ in EU Law|56
3|4 The Asylum Seeker as a Legal Category & Implications Thereof Within the EU|58
3|5 Conclusion|59
3|References|60
2|Author|61
3|1 Introduction|61
3|2 The Status of Author in the European Legal Traditions|62
3|3 Author as First Owner of Rights|64
3|4 The Author as Creator of the Work|65
3|5 Conclusion|66
3|References|67
2|Banker|68
3|1 Introduction|68
3|2 From Dirigisme to the Great Moderation|69
3|3 The Europeanisation of Banking Regulation|70
3|4 The Effects of the Last Great Financial Crisis: The Federalising Process of Banking Regulation and the Banking Union|71
3|5 General Effects on Freedom of Establishment of Banks and to Provide Banking Services in the European Union|73
3|References|74
2|Biological Mother|75
3|1 Introduction|75
3|2 Surrogacy|76
3|3 Personal Identity and Heterologous Medically Assisted Reproduction|79
3|References|80
2|Child and Adolescent|81
3|1 Introduction|81
3|2 Definition of a Child and Adolescent Within EU|82
3|3 Children’s Rights in the Pre-Lisbon Period|82
3|4 Children’s Rights in the Post-Lisbon Period|85
3|5 Concluding Remarks|86
3|References|87
2|Climate Change Activist|89
3|1 Introduction|89
3|2 WWF (World Wildlife Fund)|92
3|3 Greenpeace|93
3|4 The Nature Conservancy|93
3|5 Friends of the Earth Network|94
3|6 Climate Action Network|94
3|7 Conclusion|95
2|Cohabiting (Status of)|97
3|1 Introduction|97
3|2 Protection of the Right to Family Life Under the European Convention on Human Rights|98
3|3 Cohabitants and EU Law|100
4|3.1 Family Status of Cohabitants|100
4|3.2 Freedom of Movement of Persons|100
4|3.3 Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union|101
3|4 Conclusion|102
3|References|103
2|Consumer|104
3|1 Introduction|104
3|2 Consumer Protection Configuration, the Notion of ‘Consumer’, and the Development of a Consumer Legal Framework in the EU|105
4|2.1 EU Consumer Protection Configuration|105
4|2.2 The Notion of ‘Consumer’|106
3|3 EU Consumer Protection Legal Framework Development|108
3|4 Development of a Consumer Constitutional Procedural Status: The Ex-officio Doctrine and Equal Arms Principle|111
3|5 Conclusions|113
3|References|114
2|Creditor and Debtor|116
3|1 Introduction|116
3|2 Credit Relationship Between Private Parties|117
3|3 Creditor Status Before a Public Administration|119
3|4 Conclusions: Some Suggestions About Property Rights|120
3|Further Readings|121
2|Data Manager|122
3|1 Introduction and Legal Framework|122
3|2 Data Manager Definition and Operation Sector|123
3|3 Roles and Responsibilities of the Data Manager|125
3|4 The Role of the Data Manager as a Sensitive Health Data Guarantor|126
3|5 Conclusion|127
3|References|127
2|Data Protection Officer|129
3|1 Personal Data Protection Is Intended to Be a Fundamental Right|129
3|2 Data Protection Officer|130
3|3 Knowledge, Expertise and Skills of the DPO|132
3|4 Tasks of the DPO|133
3|5 Conclusion|134
3|References|134
2|Data Subject|135
3|1 Data Subject: Definition and Legal Framework|135
3|2 DS’ Categories|136
3|3 The Rights of the Data Subject|137
3|4 Conclusion|138
3|References|139
2|Diplomatic Agent|140
3|1 Introduction: Conceptual Historical Overview|140
3|2 Challenges to the Polysemy of ‘Diplomatic Agent’: The Case of the Configuration of a European Diplomatic Agency|141
3|3 Triggers and Potentialities of the European External Action Service|142
3|4 Conclusions|145
3|References|145
2|Disabled|147
3|1 Concept (Definition of the Status of “Persons with Disability”)|147
3|2 Evolution (from the Traditional Status of Persons with Disabilities to the Current International Approach)|149
3|3 Role of the EU (Influence of the European Union in the Adoption of the Contemporary Status of Persons with Disabilities)|152
3|4 Conclusion|156
3|References|156
2|Disabled Person|158
3|1 The Attitude of EU Law Towards People with Disabilities at the End of the 20th Century|158
3|2 A New Stage: The Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000|160
3|3 Equal Opportunities for People with Disabilities: A European Action Plan (2004–2010)|161
3|4 The Concept of Disability and the Role of the Court of Justice of the European Union|163
3|5 Recent Initiatives|164
3|References|165
2|Economic Operator|166
3|1 The Economic Operator in the European Union (EU): A Status Under Construction|166
3|2 The Ruling of the CJEU Becomes Law: The Status of Economic Operator in the New Directives 2014/24/UE, 2014/25/UE and 2014/23/UE|168
3|3 The Effects of the European Integration: The Trader as the Centre of Legal Relations in Active and Passive Subjective Situations|169
3|References|170
2|Economic Operator of Third Countries|172
3|1 Introduction|172
3|2 The Principle of Equality Among the Economic Operators|173
3|3 Economic Operators of Third Countries Above and Below Thresholds|174
3|4 Extra-Territorial Application of EU Directives on Procurement. Some Conclusions|177
3|References|178
2|Elderly People|179
3|1 Introduction|179
3|2 A Brief Overview on the Rights of Elderly People in International Treaties|179
3|3 The EU Legal and Political Framework on Elderly People in a Diachronic Perspective|180
3|4 Some Instruments for the Implementation of Article 25 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU|182
3|5 Active Ageing: The Key Principle of the EU Political and Legal Framework on Elderly People|183
3|6 The Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds of Age as a General Principle of EU Law|185
3|7 Conclusion|186
3|References|187
2|Entrepreneur|188
3|1 Introduction|188
3|2 On the Concept of Entrepreneur|188
3|3 Entrepreneurial Activity as a Freedom Protected by the Fundamental Rights Charter|191
4|3.1 The Field of Application of Article 16 of the Charter|191
4|3.2 The Restrictions of the Entrepreneurial Freedom|192
3|4 Normative Concretions of Entrepreneurial Activity|192
3|5 The Transnationalisation of Business Activities: The New Status of the Entrepreneur|193
3|References|194
2|Ethics Advisor on Research Projects|195
3|1 Ethical Dimensions of Europe as a Knowledge-Based Society|195
3|2 Ethical Assessment of Projects Funded by EU Programmes|197
3|3 Ethics Advisors Within EU Programmes|198
3|4 Differences Between the Role of an Ethics Advisor and That of an Ethics Committee|199
3|5 Applicable Norms|200
3|References|202
2|EU Citizen|203
3|1 The Idea of Citizenship Through History|203
3|2 Citizenship of the EU Member States: ius sanguinis and ius soli|205
3|3 European Citizenship|206
3|4 European Citizenship as a General Status of Community Law|208
3|References|209
2|EU Investor|210
3|1 Introduction and Legal Framework|210
3|2 Investor Protection: The EU Path Towards Harmonisation|210
4|2.1 Disclosure of Product Information|211
4|2.2 Conduct of Business (COB) Rules|212
4|2.3 Product Governance and Intervention|215
4|2.4 Financial Education|216
3|3 Conclusion|217
3|References|217
2|EU Judge|219
3|1 Introduction|219
3|2 Rule of Law and Jurisdiction|219
3|3 Judicial Organisation of the EU|219
3|4 Qualification, Appointment, Specific Conditions, and Independence of EU Judges|220
3|5 Organisation of the CJ and the GC|221
3|6 Judges Acting Within Their Competences|222
4|6.1 The Application of EU Law|222
4|6.2 Types of Action in Which EU Judges Apply EU Law|223
3|7 The Importance of the Judges’ Activities for EU Integration|224
3|8 The Particular Status of the EU Judge|224
3|References|225
2|EU Officer|226
3|1 Introduction|226
3|2 Legal Definition, Past, Present and Future Developments of the Legal Status of EU Officials and the Impact of These Developments on EU Legislation|227
3|3 General Provisions, Rights and Obligations of EU Officials|229
3|4 Conclusions|232
3|References|232
2|EU Representative to a Third Country|233
3|1 Introduction|233
3|2 Principles and Values Governing the EEAS and the Heads of Delegation|234
3|3 Context and Framework of European Diplomacy: Beginning and Evolution to Date|235
3|4 A ‘Traditional’ Legal Definition of the Head of an EU Delegation|237
3|5 Special Provisions|238
3|6 Conclusions|239
3|References|240
2|Expert in Renewable Energies|241
3|1 Introduction|241
3|2 Expert in Wind Energy|243
3|3 Expert in Solar Energy|243
3|4 Expert in Biomass|244
3|5 Expert in Geothermal Energy|244
3|6 Expert in Hydropower|245
3|7 Experts in Energy Coming from Hydrogen|246
3|8 Companies and Renewable Energies|247
4|8.1 First Solar|247
4|8.2 Global Pvq SE Ill|247
4|8.3 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy|248
4|8.4 SunPower|248
4|8.5 Vestas|248
2|Expropriated Party|249
3|1 The Concept of the Expropriated Party|249
3|2 The Expropriation|249
4|2.1 The Compulsory Purchase of Private Assets|249
4|2.2 Expropriation Under EU Law|250
3|3 The Parties in the Expropriation Procedure|251
4|3.1 The Acquiring Authority|251
4|3.2 The Expropriated Party|252
5|3.2.1 The Property Owner|252
5|3.2.2 The Expropriation Procedure|253
4|3.3 The Beneficiary of the Expropriation|254
3|References|254
2|Family Member|255
3|1 Introduction|255
3|2 Defining ‘Family Member’|256
3|3 Public Documents of an Act of Civil Status as a Formal Obstacle to the Recognition of a Parental Relationship|258
3|4 Free Circulation of Citizens; Parental Responsibility in Relation to the Meaning of Family Member|259
3|5 Conclusion|260
3|References|261
2|Farmer|262
3|1 Introduction|262
3|2 The Definition of Farmer|263
3|3 Farmers’ Rights and Obligations Under EU Law|265
3|4 The Influence of the European Integration on Farmers’ Status|266
3|5 The Function of the Farmer: From the Field to the Market|267
3|6 Conclusions|268
3|References|268
2|Former EU Citizen|269
3|1 Introduction and Background|269
3|2 The Current Regulation of EU Citizenship|271
3|References|275
2|Gender Victim of Gender-Based Violence|276
3|1 Introduction|276
3|2 The Impact of European Law on the Protection of Victims of Gender-Based Violence|277
3|3 The Need for Administrative Coordination Across Europe|278
3|4 Proposals for the Framework of the European Protection Order|278
4|4.1 The Need for a National Authority|278
4|4.2 Establishment of a European Protocol for Action|279
3|5 Extent of the Protection|279
4|5.1 The Implications of the European Protection Order for Assistance|279
4|5.2 Entitlements in a Situation of Gender Violence|280
4|5.3 The Need for Legal Residence|281
3|6 Conclusion|281
2|Human Embryo|283
3|1 Definition of a ‘Human Embryo’ in European Legal Sources|283
3|2 The Special Status of the ‘Human Embryo’ and the Necessity for Its Protection|286
3|3 Principles and Rules for Protection of the Human Embryo|287
3|4 Research on Embryos|288
3|References|290
2|Human Resource in Science and Technology|291
3|1 Definition of HRST|291
3|2 Intra-European Mobility of HRST|293
3|3 Freedom of Knowledge|293
3|4 The Fifth Freedom As a New Set of Supranational Rights and Obligations|295
3|5 Contents of the Freedom of Knowledge|296
3|6 Limitations of Academic Freedom and Research|297
3|References|298
2|Immigrant and Emigrant|299
3|1 Emigrant|299
3|2 Immigrant: A Negative and Fragmented Status|300
3|3 The National Foundation of Immigrants’ Rights of Entry and Residence|301
3|4 The Restrictions on Immigrants’ Rights of Entry and Residence|303
3|References|305
2|Individual Genetic Status|307
3|1 Introduction|307
3|2 Governance of Genetic Databases and International Approach|309
3|3 Regulation (EU) No 2016/679 and Its Impact Upon the Collecting Genetic Data|310
3|4 Conclusions|311
3|References|312
2|Internet Entrepreneur|313
3|1 Introduction|313
3|2 The Term of Entrepreneur: Looking for a Definition|314
3|3 The New Business Models: Internet Entrepreneur|315
3|4 Merchandising on the Internet: E-commerce|316
3|5 Marketing Business on the Internet: The Pay-Per-Click Marketing (PPC Advertising)|317
3|6 Innovative Business: Marketing Strategies|318
3|7 Conclusion|322
3|References|323
2|Inventor|325
3|1 Introduction|325
3|2 The European Patent System|325
4|2.1 Evolution of the European Patent System|326
4|2.2 The Patent with Unitary Effect|327
3|3 EU Law Regarding Patents|328
4|3.1 Biotech Directive|328
4|3.2 Supplementary Protection Measures|329
4|3.3 Enforcement Directive|330
3|4 Trade Secrets|330
3|5 Conclusion|330
3|References|331
2|Jean Monnet Chairholder|332
3|1 Introduction and Genesis|332
3|2 Obligations|335
3|3 Criteria for the Award of the Jean Monnet Chairs|336
3|4 Form of the Grant|337
3|5 Call for Proposal 2017/2018|338
3|6 Conclusion|338
2|Journalist|339
3|1 The Advent of the New Radio and Television|339
3|2 Legislative Recasting of the Audiovisual Media Service Directive|340
3|3 The New Digital Scene: The Technological Convergence and the Breaking of the Correspondence Between Media and Services|341
3|4 Definition of the Internet as a New Audiovisual Structure|342
3|5 Conclusion|343
4|5.1 Conflicting Interests|344
4|5.2 Internet Users vs. Journalists|344
4|5.3 Versatility|345
3|References|345
2|Landowner|346
3|1 Concept|346
3|2 The Right to Property Under the EU Law|346
4|2.1 Section 1 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights|347
4|2.2 The Expropriation of Property (Section 1.1 of the First Protocol)|349
4|2.3 Control of the Use of Property (Section 1.2 of the First Protocol)|350
3|References|350
2|Lawyer|352
3|1 Introduction|352
3|2 The Status of a Lawyer as a Provider of Professional Legal Services|353
4|2.1 Access Requirements to the Legal Profession|353
4|2.2 The Professional Competences of the Lawyer|354
3|3 The Influence of EU Law on the Services of Professional Lawyers|355
4|3.1 Permanent Practice of the Profession of a Lawyer in a Member State with a Professional Qualification from the State of Origin|355
4|3.2 The Integration of a Lawyer Who Is Qualified in His Country of Origin Into the Profession of the Host State|356
4|3.3 The Recognition of a Lawyer’s Academic Degree Obtained in Another Member State Through the System of the Recognition of Professional Qualifications|356
3|4 Adaptation of the Directives to the Fundamental Principles of EU Law|357
4|4.1 Adaptation to the General Principle of Free Movement of People and Provision of Services|357
4|4.2 Adaptation to the General Principle of Equality|357
4|4.3 Consumers’ Rights|358
3|5 Conclusions|358
2|LGBTIQ People|360
3|1 Introduction|360
3|2 Is LGBTIQ Status Conceivable?|361
3|3 LGBTI Issues and Legal History|361
3|4 Evolution of EU Law Concerning LGBTIQ Issues|362
3|5 European Integration for LGBTIQ People|364
3|6 The Actual Function of LGBTIQ People’s Condition in the EU Context|365
3|7 Conclusion|366
3|References|366
2|Member of the European Parliament|368
3|1 Introduction|368
3|2 The European Parliament and MEPs During the European Integration Process|369
3|3 Legal Regulation of the Individual Status of a Member of the European Parliament|370
3|4 Conclusion|372
3|References|373
2|Musician|374
3|1 Introduction|374
3|2 The Status of the Musician as an Artist|374
4|2.1 The Regulatory Framework in Spain|375
5|2.1.1 The Musician as a Member of a Public Orchestra or Musical Group|375
5|2.1.2 The Professional Musician as a Worker in a Special Employment Relationship|375
5|2.1.3 The Professional Musician as a Self-Employed Artist|376
5|2.1.4 The Proposal for Approval of the Status of Artists|376
4|2.2 The Regulatory Framework in France|377
5|2.2.1 The Musician as an Artist in a Performance|377
5|2.2.2 The Professional Musician as a Worker. The Presumption of a Salary|377
5|2.2.3 The So-called “Intermittent Performing Artists”|377
3|3 The Musician as a Performing Worker in European Jurisprudence|378
4|3.1 The Status of Salaried Worker|378
4|3.2 Stability in Employment|379
4|3.3 Free Movement of Working Musicians and Equal Treatment in Access to Employment|379
4|3.4 Recognition of Previous Service in Other State Orchestras|380
3|4 Conclusions|380
3|References|381
2|Party to Contracts|382
3|1 The Position of the Parties to a Contract Within Traditional Civil Law|382
3|2 Contracts in the Age of Constitutions and European Integration|383
3|3 The Impact of the Context in the Discipline of Contracts and in the Position of the Parties|385
4|3.1 Substantial Equality of the Parties|385
4|3.2 Collaboration|385
4|3.3 Non-patrimonial Interests|386
4|3.4 Public Parties and the Purpose of Implementing Public Policies|387
3|4 Contracts and Legal System|388
3|References|389
2|Passenger|391
3|1 Transportation Policy Within the Goals of the EU|391
3|2 The Notion of the Passenger in the Different Means of Transport|392
4|2.1 Air Transport|393
4|2.2 Transport by Sea|393
4|2.3 Transport by Land: Rail, Bus and Coach|394
3|3 Fundamental Rights Granted in the EU to All Kinds of Passengers|394
3|4 Related Concepts Covering Special Situations|395
4|4.1 Travellers|395
4|4.2 Disabled Passengers and Passengers with Reduced Mobility (PRM)|395
4|4.3 Unruly Passengers|396
4|4.4 Passengers in the Sharing Economy: Carpooling and Carsharing|396
3|References|396
2|Patient|398
3|1 Introduction: The Role of the EU in the Health Fields According to the EU Treaties|398
3|2 How the EU Treaties Have Been Implemented in the Health Fields|400
3|3 Concluding Remarks|405
3|References|406
2|Policemen|408
3|1 The Evolution of European Policing|408
3|2 New Policing Tools|411
3|3 Conclusion|414
3|References|414
2|Pollution Victim|416
3|1 Introduction|416
3|2 The History of EU Regulations|417
3|3 (Continued) The Directive 2004/35/EC on Environmental Liability Governing the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage|418
3|4 Case Law|419
3|5 Conclusions|421
3|References|421
2|Project Manager|422
3|1 Introduction|422
3|2 Project Management Methodology|423
3|3 Project Management Tools|424
3|4 Project Manager: More Than Filling in a Budget!|426
3|References|427
2|Provider and User of Genetic Resources|428
3|1 Introduction and Legal Framework|428
3|2 Provider and Sovereign Rights of States Over Their Natural Resources|429
3|3 Due Diligence by the Users in Their Activities Linked to Genetic Resources|431
3|4 Provider and User As Contracting Parties on Mutually Agreed Terms|432
3|5 User’s Due Diligence|433
3|6 Conclusion|433
3|References|434
2|Public Body|436
3|1 Introduction|436
3|2 Directives Having a Direct Effect and the Bodies That Are Under a Duty to Exercise a Special Power|437
3|3 Bodies That Perform Activities as ‘Contracting Authorities’ Under Directives 2014/23-24-25/EU|438
3|4 Freedom of Movement for Workers and the Related Definition of a Public Administration|440
3|5 Public Bodies and State Aid|441
3|6 Conclusions|442
3|References|443
2|Public Officer|444
3|1 The Status of Public Officers in National Law and the EU Legal System|444
3|2 The Concept of ‘Employment in the Public Service’ in EU Law|445
3|3 A ‘Trivialization’ of Public Employment?|446
3|4 The Relationship of ‘Indifference’ Between European and National Law|447
3|5 The Insurmountable Special Status of Public Officer|449
3|References|450
2|Recipient of EU Programmes|452
3|1 Public Financing|452
3|2 Public Funding of the European Union|453
3|3 The ‘Programmes’ of the European Union|454
3|4 Forms of Legal Relationship Between Financing Institutions and Beneficiaries|455
3|5 Requirements of the Recipients|456
3|6 Obligations of the Recipients|457
4|6.1 The Main Obligation to Perform the Activity|458
4|6.2 Other Obligations|458
3|7 Rights of the Recipients|459
3|References|459
2|Refugee|460
3|1 Introduction|460
3|2 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees|461
3|3 European Union|461
3|4 Conclusion|466
3|References|467
2|Religious Believer|468
3|1 Preliminary Remarks|468
3|2 Religious Freedom and Status of Religious Believer Through International and European Perspectives|469
3|3 Jurisprudential Path: Rights of the Religious Believer Through the Prism of Case Law|470
4|3.1 Nature and Content of the Freedom of Religion with Reference to Religious External Manifestations|470
4|3.2 Religious Symbols or Clothing|472
5|3.2.1 Religious Symbols or Clothing in the Public Sphere|472
5|3.2.2 Religious Symbols or Clothing at Workplace|472
5|3.2.3 Religious Symbols or Clothing in State Schools and Educational Institutions|473
4|3.3 Religious Freedom of Parents and Educational Rights of Children|474
4|3.4 Further Dimension of Religious Believers’ Rights|474
3|4 Conclusions|475
3|References|476
2|Religious Person|477
3|1 Introduction|477
3|2 Freedom of Religion, Status of Religious Persons, and Non-discrimination Through International and European Perspectives|478
3|3 Jurisprudential Path: Rights of Religious Person Through the Prism of Case Law|480
4|3.1 Nature and Content of the Freedom of Religion|480
4|3.2 The Controversial Definition of ‘Religion’ or ‘Belief’. General Jurisprudential Paths|481
4|3.3 Freedom of Religion and Protection Against Discrimination|482
3|4 Conclusions|483
3|References|483
2|Research Volunteer|485
3|1 Introduction|485
3|2 The Concept of the Research Volunteer|485
3|3 Classes of Research Volunteers|487
4|3.1 Persons Incapable of Giving Consent|488
4|3.2 Minors|489
4|3.3 Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women|490
4|3.4 Other Vulnerable Groups|490
3|4 Conclusions|491
3|References|491
2|Researcher|493
3|1 Introduction|493
3|2 The Role of the Researcher|494
3|3 Types or Researchers|494
3|4 The Mobility of Researchers|495
3|5 Researchers from Third Countries|496
3|6 The Responsibility of Researchers Towards Society|497
3|Reference|497
2|Sex Worker|498
3|1 Introduction|498
3|2 Sociological Aspects of the Definition of a Sex Worker|498
3|3 Legal Aspects of the Definition of Sex Worker in the EU|499
4|3.1 The Abolitionist Model|500
4|3.2 The Legalising Model|501
4|3.3 The Regulationist Model|501
4|3.4 Sex Work from an EU Law Perspective|502
3|4 Conclusions|503
3|References|503
2|Soldier|504
3|1 Citizens in Uniform|504
3|2 Armed Forces and Democratic Constitutions|505
3|3 Restrictions of Fundamental Rights for Military Personnel|506
4|3.1 Restrictions to Freedom of Expression|506
4|3.2 Restrictions to Freedom of Association|507
3|References|510
2|Sportsperson|511
3|1 Introduction|511
3|2 The Traditional Definition of a Sportsperson|512
3|3 The Freedom of Movement of Athletes|512
3|4 Competition|515
3|5 Judicial Review|516
3|6 Conclusions|516
3|References|517
2|Statutory Auditor|518
3|1 International and Historical Background|518
4|1.1 Stage 1: Before 1840|518
4|1.2 Stage 2: 1840–1920|519
4|1.3 Stage 3: 1920–1960|519
4|1.4 Stage 4: 1960–1990|520
4|1.5 Stage 5: 1990 to Date|520
3|2 EU Applicable Legislation on the Statutory Audit: Definition, Role, Position and Liabilities|520
4|2.1 EU Applicable Legislation: Introduction|520
4|2.2 Definition and Role of the Statutory Auditor|521
4|2.3 Position (Qualifications and Requirements) and Liability of the Statutory Auditor Within the European Union|522
3|3 Role of Audits Within EU Programmes|523
3|References|525
4|Further Readinngs|526
2|Student|527
3|1 Introduction|527
3|2 The Influence of the European System|528
3|3 Protection of the Right to Education at the International Level|528
3|4 The Rights Provided by the ECHR|529
3|5 The Right to Education in the Charter of Rights|529
3|6 Equality and Differentiation in the Enjoyment of the Right to Education of Foreign Students in the EU|531
3|7 The Other Rights Related to Student Status|532
3|8 European Policies for Student Mobility|533
3|9 Conclusions|533
3|References|534
2|Subsidiary Status|535
3|1 Introduction|535
3|2 Subsidiary Status in the Qualification Directive|535
3|3 Subsidiary Status as a Substitute for Asylum|536
3|4 The Restricted Scope of Subsidiary Status|537
3|5 ‘Reduced Rights’ as the Content of Subsidiary Status|538
4|5.1 Discriminatory Access to Family Reunification|539
4|5.2 Discrimination in the Duration of Residence Permits|539
4|5.3 Discrimination in Social Welfare Entitlement|539
3|6 Subsidiary Status in Malta|540
3|7 Conclusion|541
3|References|541
2|Taxpayer|543
3|1 Introduction|543
3|2 National Definitions of a Taxpayer and the Elements of These Definitions|544
3|3 Definitions of Taxpayer Under EU Positive Law|545
4|3.1 Direct Taxation Harmonization: Directives Regarding Companies|545
4|3.2 Indirect Taxation Harmonization: VAT|546
3|4 Taxpayers as Catalysts for Economic Integration|547
3|5 Conclusions|548
3|References|549
2|Teacher|550
3|1 The Open Method of Coordination in Education|550
3|2 Absence of the Requirement of Citizenship for Access to the Profession|551
3|3 Fair and Easy Access to Quality Education in Europe|551
3|4 Reviewing and Strengthening the Professional Profile of All Teacher Professions|553
3|5 Digital Learning|554
3|6 Investing Public Resources for the Improvement of Teaching|554
3|7 European Law and Teachers’ Fixed-Term Contracts|555
3|8 Conclusions|556
3|References|556
2|Technology Transfer Professional|557
3|1 Introduction|557
3|2 Mechanisms Enabling Technology or Knowledge Transfers|559
3|3 European Knowledge Transfer Offices (KTOs)|560
3|4 Dealing with the Definition of Technology Transfer Professionals’ Status|561
3|References|563
2|Third Country National|565
3|1 Third Country Nationals in European Union Law|565
4|1.1 Creation and Regulation|565
4|1.2 Residence and Freedom of Movement|566
4|1.3 Family Members of Union Citizens|567
3|2 Third Country Nationals in Malta|568
4|2.1 Entry, Residence and Citizenship|568
4|2.2 Right to Marry|569
3|3 Conclusion|571
3|References|572
2|Transgender Person|573
3|1 Gender Identity and Transgenderism: An Introduction|573
3|2 EU and International Framework on Gender Identity|574
3|3 Jurisprudence on Gender Identity|576
3|4 Conclusions|577
3|References|578
2|Transsexual Person|580
3|1 Gender Identity and Transsexualism|580
3|2 EU and International Legal Framework on Gender Identity|581
3|3 ECJ’s Jurisprudence on Gender Identity|583
3|4 ECtHR’s Jurisprudence on Gender Identity|584
3|5 Conclusions|585
3|References|586
2|User|587
3|1 ‘User’ as a Multi-Purpose Legal Term|587
3|2 ‘Users’ as Recipients of Services of General Interest (SGI)|588
3|3 Basic Principles of the Recognition of Rights to Users of SGI as Citizens|591
3|References|592
2|Voluntary|593
3|1 Introduction|593
3|2 Volunteering in EU Law and the European Voluntary Humanitarian Aid Corps|594
3|3 Internet-Mediated Volunteering|596
3|4 Volunteering as Part of Corporate Social Responsibility|596
3|5 Volunteering in Relation to Routes of Formal and Informal Learning at EU Level|597
3|References|599
2|Vulnerable Person|600
3|1 Introduction|600
3|2 From a Traditional Approach Towards the Modern Understanding of the Vulnerability of Persons with Disabilities|601
3|3 Vulnerability of Persons with Disabilities Under EU Law|602
3|4 Conclusion|605
3|References|606
2|Waste Producer and Waste Holder|607
3|1 Introduction|607
3|2 Definitions of Waste Producer and Waste Holder in Directive 2009/28/EC|608
3|3 Intent to “Discard” as the Criterion for Defining Who Is a Waste Producer or Waste Holder in Light of the EU Renewable Energy Strategy|609
3|4 Definition of Biomass and Farmers as Waste Holders, Waste Producers or Suppliers of Biomass-Derived By-products|612
3|5 Conclusion|613
3|References|613
2|Woman|615
3|1 Introduction: Traditional Definition|615
3|2 EU Law on Women’s Rights|616
4|2.1 Fundamental Principles of the Legal Status of Women in the EU|616
4|2.2 Secondary Law|618
4|2.3 Case Law|619
3|3 Current Legal Status of Women in the EU|620
3|References|622
2|Worker|623
3|1 Notions of the Worker in EU Law|623
3|2 Worker Status and Freedom of Movement|625
3|3 Worker Status and Coordination of Social Security Systems|626
3|4 Worker Status and Social Harmonisation|627
3|5 Fragments of a Definition of Worker Status in EU Law|628
3|References|629
1|Contents|12
1|Introduction|17
2|References|22
1|Part I: Historical and Juridical Contexts for the Status Within European Union Law|23
2|Historical Overview of the Status Topic|24
3|1 Status in Ancient Rome|24
4|1.1 Status in the Language of the Romans|24
4|1.2 The Community Concept of Personal Status Within the Romans|25
4|1.3 The Stability of Personal Status|26
3|2 Status in the Medieval Age|27
3|3 Status and Legal Capacity: The Theory of the Three Status (XVI–XVIII Centuries)|28
3|4 French Revolution|28
3|5 Henry Sumner Maine’s Theory (Ancient Law: 1861)|29
3|6 Status and State|29
3|7 Persistence of Community Theories in the Face of Individualistic–Egalitarian Theories in the Most Recent Civil Doctrine|29
3|References|30
2|From Cosmopolitan Individual Status (French Civil Code of 1804) and “l’exercice des droits civils” to EU Citizenship|32
3|1 Introduction|32
3|2 Code Napoléon and How the Concept of Legal Capacity Has Evolved into Individual Supra-Regional Status|33
3|3 EU Citizenship As Fundamental to EU Individuals’ Status and “l’exercice des droits civils” in the Member State of Destination|36
3|4 The ‘Enjoyment of Civil Rights’ As an Instrument for Fulfilment of the Non-discrimination Principle|37
3|5 Conclusions|37
3|References|38
1|Part II: Dictionary of European Union Statuses|40
2|Administrative Judges in Europe|41
3|1 The Reasons Why There Are Administrative Judges in European Legal Systems|41
3|2 The Characteristics of the Review Carried Out by the Administrative Judge in Some European Legal Systems|43
3|3 The Role of the Case Law of the Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights as the Main Instrument for the Progressive Establishment of a European Process Model|45
3|References|47
2|Artist|48
3|1 Introduction|48
3|2 The Legal Scheme|49
3|3 European Union and International Legal Framework|49
3|4 Conclusion|53
2|Asylum Seeker|54
3|1 Introduction|54
3|2 The Traditional Understanding of ‘Asylum Seeker’ in International Law|55
3|3 The Definition of ‘Asylum Seeker’ in EU Law|56
3|4 The Asylum Seeker as a Legal Category & Implications Thereof Within the EU|58
3|5 Conclusion|59
3|References|60
2|Author|61
3|1 Introduction|61
3|2 The Status of Author in the European Legal Traditions|62
3|3 Author as First Owner of Rights|64
3|4 The Author as Creator of the Work|65
3|5 Conclusion|66
3|References|67
2|Banker|68
3|1 Introduction|68
3|2 From Dirigisme to the Great Moderation|69
3|3 The Europeanisation of Banking Regulation|70
3|4 The Effects of the Last Great Financial Crisis: The Federalising Process of Banking Regulation and the Banking Union|71
3|5 General Effects on Freedom of Establishment of Banks and to Provide Banking Services in the European Union|73
3|References|74
2|Biological Mother|75
3|1 Introduction|75
3|2 Surrogacy|76
3|3 Personal Identity and Heterologous Medically Assisted Reproduction|79
3|References|80
2|Child and Adolescent|81
3|1 Introduction|81
3|2 Definition of a Child and Adolescent Within EU|82
3|3 Children’s Rights in the Pre-Lisbon Period|82
3|4 Children’s Rights in the Post-Lisbon Period|85
3|5 Concluding Remarks|86
3|References|87
2|Climate Change Activist|89
3|1 Introduction|89
3|2 WWF (World Wildlife Fund)|92
3|3 Greenpeace|93
3|4 The Nature Conservancy|93
3|5 Friends of the Earth Network|94
3|6 Climate Action Network|94
3|7 Conclusion|95
2|Cohabiting (Status of)|97
3|1 Introduction|97
3|2 Protection of the Right to Family Life Under the European Convention on Human Rights|98
3|3 Cohabitants and EU Law|100
4|3.1 Family Status of Cohabitants|100
4|3.2 Freedom of Movement of Persons|100
4|3.3 Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union|101
3|4 Conclusion|102
3|References|103
2|Consumer|104
3|1 Introduction|104
3|2 Consumer Protection Configuration, the Notion of ‘Consumer’, and the Development of a Consumer Legal Framework in the EU|105
4|2.1 EU Consumer Protection Configuration|105
4|2.2 The Notion of ‘Consumer’|106
3|3 EU Consumer Protection Legal Framework Development|108
3|4 Development of a Consumer Constitutional Procedural Status: The Ex-officio Doctrine and Equal Arms Principle|111
3|5 Conclusions|113
3|References|114
2|Creditor and Debtor|116
3|1 Introduction|116
3|2 Credit Relationship Between Private Parties|117
3|3 Creditor Status Before a Public Administration|119
3|4 Conclusions: Some Suggestions About Property Rights|120
3|Further Readings|121
2|Data Manager|122
3|1 Introduction and Legal Framework|122
3|2 Data Manager Definition and Operation Sector|123
3|3 Roles and Responsibilities of the Data Manager|125
3|4 The Role of the Data Manager as a Sensitive Health Data Guarantor|126
3|5 Conclusion|127
3|References|127
2|Data Protection Officer|129
3|1 Personal Data Protection Is Intended to Be a Fundamental Right|129
3|2 Data Protection Officer|130
3|3 Knowledge, Expertise and Skills of the DPO|132
3|4 Tasks of the DPO|133
3|5 Conclusion|134
3|References|134
2|Data Subject|135
3|1 Data Subject: Definition and Legal Framework|135
3|2 DS’ Categories|136
3|3 The Rights of the Data Subject|137
3|4 Conclusion|138
3|References|139
2|Diplomatic Agent|140
3|1 Introduction: Conceptual Historical Overview|140
3|2 Challenges to the Polysemy of ‘Diplomatic Agent’: The Case of the Configuration of a European Diplomatic Agency|141
3|3 Triggers and Potentialities of the European External Action Service|142
3|4 Conclusions|145
3|References|145
2|Disabled|147
3|1 Concept (Definition of the Status of “Persons with Disability”)|147
3|2 Evolution (from the Traditional Status of Persons with Disabilities to the Current International Approach)|149
3|3 Role of the EU (Influence of the European Union in the Adoption of the Contemporary Status of Persons with Disabilities)|152
3|4 Conclusion|156
3|References|156
2|Disabled Person|158
3|1 The Attitude of EU Law Towards People with Disabilities at the End of the 20th Century|158
3|2 A New Stage: The Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000|160
3|3 Equal Opportunities for People with Disabilities: A European Action Plan (2004–2010)|161
3|4 The Concept of Disability and the Role of the Court of Justice of the European Union|163
3|5 Recent Initiatives|164
3|References|165
2|Economic Operator|166
3|1 The Economic Operator in the European Union (EU): A Status Under Construction|166
3|2 The Ruling of the CJEU Becomes Law: The Status of Economic Operator in the New Directives 2014/24/UE, 2014/25/UE and 2014/23/UE|168
3|3 The Effects of the European Integration: The Trader as the Centre of Legal Relations in Active and Passive Subjective Situations|169
3|References|170
2|Economic Operator of Third Countries|172
3|1 Introduction|172
3|2 The Principle of Equality Among the Economic Operators|173
3|3 Economic Operators of Third Countries Above and Below Thresholds|174
3|4 Extra-Territorial Application of EU Directives on Procurement. Some Conclusions|177
3|References|178
2|Elderly People|179
3|1 Introduction|179
3|2 A Brief Overview on the Rights of Elderly People in International Treaties|179
3|3 The EU Legal and Political Framework on Elderly People in a Diachronic Perspective|180
3|4 Some Instruments for the Implementation of Article 25 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU|182
3|5 Active Ageing: The Key Principle of the EU Political and Legal Framework on Elderly People|183
3|6 The Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds of Age as a General Principle of EU Law|185
3|7 Conclusion|186
3|References|187
2|Entrepreneur|188
3|1 Introduction|188
3|2 On the Concept of Entrepreneur|188
3|3 Entrepreneurial Activity as a Freedom Protected by the Fundamental Rights Charter|191
4|3.1 The Field of Application of Article 16 of the Charter|191
4|3.2 The Restrictions of the Entrepreneurial Freedom|192
3|4 Normative Concretions of Entrepreneurial Activity|192
3|5 The Transnationalisation of Business Activities: The New Status of the Entrepreneur|193
3|References|194
2|Ethics Advisor on Research Projects|195
3|1 Ethical Dimensions of Europe as a Knowledge-Based Society|195
3|2 Ethical Assessment of Projects Funded by EU Programmes|197
3|3 Ethics Advisors Within EU Programmes|198
3|4 Differences Between the Role of an Ethics Advisor and That of an Ethics Committee|199
3|5 Applicable Norms|200
3|References|202
2|EU Citizen|203
3|1 The Idea of Citizenship Through History|203
3|2 Citizenship of the EU Member States: ius sanguinis and ius soli|205
3|3 European Citizenship|206
3|4 European Citizenship as a General Status of Community Law|208
3|References|209
2|EU Investor|210
3|1 Introduction and Legal Framework|210
3|2 Investor Protection: The EU Path Towards Harmonisation|210
4|2.1 Disclosure of Product Information|211
4|2.2 Conduct of Business (COB) Rules|212
4|2.3 Product Governance and Intervention|215
4|2.4 Financial Education|216
3|3 Conclusion|217
3|References|217
2|EU Judge|219
3|1 Introduction|219
3|2 Rule of Law and Jurisdiction|219
3|3 Judicial Organisation of the EU|219
3|4 Qualification, Appointment, Specific Conditions, and Independence of EU Judges|220
3|5 Organisation of the CJ and the GC|221
3|6 Judges Acting Within Their Competences|222
4|6.1 The Application of EU Law|222
4|6.2 Types of Action in Which EU Judges Apply EU Law|223
3|7 The Importance of the Judges’ Activities for EU Integration|224
3|8 The Particular Status of the EU Judge|224
3|References|225
2|EU Officer|226
3|1 Introduction|226
3|2 Legal Definition, Past, Present and Future Developments of the Legal Status of EU Officials and the Impact of These Developments on EU Legislation|227
3|3 General Provisions, Rights and Obligations of EU Officials|229
3|4 Conclusions|232
3|References|232
2|EU Representative to a Third Country|233
3|1 Introduction|233
3|2 Principles and Values Governing the EEAS and the Heads of Delegation|234
3|3 Context and Framework of European Diplomacy: Beginning and Evolution to Date|235
3|4 A ‘Traditional’ Legal Definition of the Head of an EU Delegation|237
3|5 Special Provisions|238
3|6 Conclusions|239
3|References|240
2|Expert in Renewable Energies|241
3|1 Introduction|241
3|2 Expert in Wind Energy|243
3|3 Expert in Solar Energy|243
3|4 Expert in Biomass|244
3|5 Expert in Geothermal Energy|244
3|6 Expert in Hydropower|245
3|7 Experts in Energy Coming from Hydrogen|246
3|8 Companies and Renewable Energies|247
4|8.1 First Solar|247
4|8.2 Global Pvq SE Ill|247
4|8.3 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy|248
4|8.4 SunPower|248
4|8.5 Vestas|248
2|Expropriated Party|249
3|1 The Concept of the Expropriated Party|249
3|2 The Expropriation|249
4|2.1 The Compulsory Purchase of Private Assets|249
4|2.2 Expropriation Under EU Law|250
3|3 The Parties in the Expropriation Procedure|251
4|3.1 The Acquiring Authority|251
4|3.2 The Expropriated Party|252
5|3.2.1 The Property Owner|252
5|3.2.2 The Expropriation Procedure|253
4|3.3 The Beneficiary of the Expropriation|254
3|References|254
2|Family Member|255
3|1 Introduction|255
3|2 Defining ‘Family Member’|256
3|3 Public Documents of an Act of Civil Status as a Formal Obstacle to the Recognition of a Parental Relationship|258
3|4 Free Circulation of Citizens; Parental Responsibility in Relation to the Meaning of Family Member|259
3|5 Conclusion|260
3|References|261
2|Farmer|262
3|1 Introduction|262
3|2 The Definition of Farmer|263
3|3 Farmers’ Rights and Obligations Under EU Law|265
3|4 The Influence of the European Integration on Farmers’ Status|266
3|5 The Function of the Farmer: From the Field to the Market|267
3|6 Conclusions|268
3|References|268
2|Former EU Citizen|269
3|1 Introduction and Background|269
3|2 The Current Regulation of EU Citizenship|271
3|References|275
2|Gender Victim of Gender-Based Violence|276
3|1 Introduction|276
3|2 The Impact of European Law on the Protection of Victims of Gender-Based Violence|277
3|3 The Need for Administrative Coordination Across Europe|278
3|4 Proposals for the Framework of the European Protection Order|278
4|4.1 The Need for a National Authority|278
4|4.2 Establishment of a European Protocol for Action|279
3|5 Extent of the Protection|279
4|5.1 The Implications of the European Protection Order for Assistance|279
4|5.2 Entitlements in a Situation of Gender Violence|280
4|5.3 The Need for Legal Residence|281
3|6 Conclusion|281
2|Human Embryo|283
3|1 Definition of a ‘Human Embryo’ in European Legal Sources|283
3|2 The Special Status of the ‘Human Embryo’ and the Necessity for Its Protection|286
3|3 Principles and Rules for Protection of the Human Embryo|287
3|4 Research on Embryos|288
3|References|290
2|Human Resource in Science and Technology|291
3|1 Definition of HRST|291
3|2 Intra-European Mobility of HRST|293
3|3 Freedom of Knowledge|293
3|4 The Fifth Freedom As a New Set of Supranational Rights and Obligations|295
3|5 Contents of the Freedom of Knowledge|296
3|6 Limitations of Academic Freedom and Research|297
3|References|298
2|Immigrant and Emigrant|299
3|1 Emigrant|299
3|2 Immigrant: A Negative and Fragmented Status|300
3|3 The National Foundation of Immigrants’ Rights of Entry and Residence|301
3|4 The Restrictions on Immigrants’ Rights of Entry and Residence|303
3|References|305
2|Individual Genetic Status|307
3|1 Introduction|307
3|2 Governance of Genetic Databases and International Approach|309
3|3 Regulation (EU) No 2016/679 and Its Impact Upon the Collecting Genetic Data|310
3|4 Conclusions|311
3|References|312
2|Internet Entrepreneur|313
3|1 Introduction|313
3|2 The Term of Entrepreneur: Looking for a Definition|314
3|3 The New Business Models: Internet Entrepreneur|315
3|4 Merchandising on the Internet: E-commerce|316
3|5 Marketing Business on the Internet: The Pay-Per-Click Marketing (PPC Advertising)|317
3|6 Innovative Business: Marketing Strategies|318
3|7 Conclusion|322
3|References|323
2|Inventor|325
3|1 Introduction|325
3|2 The European Patent System|325
4|2.1 Evolution of the European Patent System|326
4|2.2 The Patent with Unitary Effect|327
3|3 EU Law Regarding Patents|328
4|3.1 Biotech Directive|328
4|3.2 Supplementary Protection Measures|329
4|3.3 Enforcement Directive|330
3|4 Trade Secrets|330
3|5 Conclusion|330
3|References|331
2|Jean Monnet Chairholder|332
3|1 Introduction and Genesis|332
3|2 Obligations|335
3|3 Criteria for the Award of the Jean Monnet Chairs|336
3|4 Form of the Grant|337
3|5 Call for Proposal 2017/2018|338
3|6 Conclusion|338
2|Journalist|339
3|1 The Advent of the New Radio and Television|339
3|2 Legislative Recasting of the Audiovisual Media Service Directive|340
3|3 The New Digital Scene: The Technological Convergence and the Breaking of the Correspondence Between Media and Services|341
3|4 Definition of the Internet as a New Audiovisual Structure|342
3|5 Conclusion|343
4|5.1 Conflicting Interests|344
4|5.2 Internet Users vs. Journalists|344
4|5.3 Versatility|345
3|References|345
2|Landowner|346
3|1 Concept|346
3|2 The Right to Property Under the EU Law|346
4|2.1 Section 1 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights|347
4|2.2 The Expropriation of Property (Section 1.1 of the First Protocol)|349
4|2.3 Control of the Use of Property (Section 1.2 of the First Protocol)|350
3|References|350
2|Lawyer|352
3|1 Introduction|352
3|2 The Status of a Lawyer as a Provider of Professional Legal Services|353
4|2.1 Access Requirements to the Legal Profession|353
4|2.2 The Professional Competences of the Lawyer|354
3|3 The Influence of EU Law on the Services of Professional Lawyers|355
4|3.1 Permanent Practice of the Profession of a Lawyer in a Member State with a Professional Qualification from the State of Origin|355
4|3.2 The Integration of a Lawyer Who Is Qualified in His Country of Origin Into the Profession of the Host State|356
4|3.3 The Recognition of a Lawyer’s Academic Degree Obtained in Another Member State Through the System of the Recognition of Professional Qualifications|356
3|4 Adaptation of the Directives to the Fundamental Principles of EU Law|357
4|4.1 Adaptation to the General Principle of Free Movement of People and Provision of Services|357
4|4.2 Adaptation to the General Principle of Equality|357
4|4.3 Consumers’ Rights|358
3|5 Conclusions|358
2|LGBTIQ People|360
3|1 Introduction|360
3|2 Is LGBTIQ Status Conceivable?|361
3|3 LGBTI Issues and Legal History|361
3|4 Evolution of EU Law Concerning LGBTIQ Issues|362
3|5 European Integration for LGBTIQ People|364
3|6 The Actual Function of LGBTIQ People’s Condition in the EU Context|365
3|7 Conclusion|366
3|References|366
2|Member of the European Parliament|368
3|1 Introduction|368
3|2 The European Parliament and MEPs During the European Integration Process|369
3|3 Legal Regulation of the Individual Status of a Member of the European Parliament|370
3|4 Conclusion|372
3|References|373
2|Musician|374
3|1 Introduction|374
3|2 The Status of the Musician as an Artist|374
4|2.1 The Regulatory Framework in Spain|375
5|2.1.1 The Musician as a Member of a Public Orchestra or Musical Group|375
5|2.1.2 The Professional Musician as a Worker in a Special Employment Relationship|375
5|2.1.3 The Professional Musician as a Self-Employed Artist|376
5|2.1.4 The Proposal for Approval of the Status of Artists|376
4|2.2 The Regulatory Framework in France|377
5|2.2.1 The Musician as an Artist in a Performance|377
5|2.2.2 The Professional Musician as a Worker. The Presumption of a Salary|377
5|2.2.3 The So-called “Intermittent Performing Artists”|377
3|3 The Musician as a Performing Worker in European Jurisprudence|378
4|3.1 The Status of Salaried Worker|378
4|3.2 Stability in Employment|379
4|3.3 Free Movement of Working Musicians and Equal Treatment in Access to Employment|379
4|3.4 Recognition of Previous Service in Other State Orchestras|380
3|4 Conclusions|380
3|References|381
2|Party to Contracts|382
3|1 The Position of the Parties to a Contract Within Traditional Civil Law|382
3|2 Contracts in the Age of Constitutions and European Integration|383
3|3 The Impact of the Context in the Discipline of Contracts and in the Position of the Parties|385
4|3.1 Substantial Equality of the Parties|385
4|3.2 Collaboration|385
4|3.3 Non-patrimonial Interests|386
4|3.4 Public Parties and the Purpose of Implementing Public Policies|387
3|4 Contracts and Legal System|388
3|References|389
2|Passenger|391
3|1 Transportation Policy Within the Goals of the EU|391
3|2 The Notion of the Passenger in the Different Means of Transport|392
4|2.1 Air Transport|393
4|2.2 Transport by Sea|393
4|2.3 Transport by Land: Rail, Bus and Coach|394
3|3 Fundamental Rights Granted in the EU to All Kinds of Passengers|394
3|4 Related Concepts Covering Special Situations|395
4|4.1 Travellers|395
4|4.2 Disabled Passengers and Passengers with Reduced Mobility (PRM)|395
4|4.3 Unruly Passengers|396
4|4.4 Passengers in the Sharing Economy: Carpooling and Carsharing|396
3|References|396
2|Patient|398
3|1 Introduction: The Role of the EU in the Health Fields According to the EU Treaties|398
3|2 How the EU Treaties Have Been Implemented in the Health Fields|400
3|3 Concluding Remarks|405
3|References|406
2|Policemen|408
3|1 The Evolution of European Policing|408
3|2 New Policing Tools|411
3|3 Conclusion|414
3|References|414
2|Pollution Victim|416
3|1 Introduction|416
3|2 The History of EU Regulations|417
3|3 (Continued) The Directive 2004/35/EC on Environmental Liability Governing the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage|418
3|4 Case Law|419
3|5 Conclusions|421
3|References|421
2|Project Manager|422
3|1 Introduction|422
3|2 Project Management Methodology|423
3|3 Project Management Tools|424
3|4 Project Manager: More Than Filling in a Budget!|426
3|References|427
2|Provider and User of Genetic Resources|428
3|1 Introduction and Legal Framework|428
3|2 Provider and Sovereign Rights of States Over Their Natural Resources|429
3|3 Due Diligence by the Users in Their Activities Linked to Genetic Resources|431
3|4 Provider and User As Contracting Parties on Mutually Agreed Terms|432
3|5 User’s Due Diligence|433
3|6 Conclusion|433
3|References|434
2|Public Body|436
3|1 Introduction|436
3|2 Directives Having a Direct Effect and the Bodies That Are Under a Duty to Exercise a Special Power|437
3|3 Bodies That Perform Activities as ‘Contracting Authorities’ Under Directives 2014/23-24-25/EU|438
3|4 Freedom of Movement for Workers and the Related Definition of a Public Administration|440
3|5 Public Bodies and State Aid|441
3|6 Conclusions|442
3|References|443
2|Public Officer|444
3|1 The Status of Public Officers in National Law and the EU Legal System|444
3|2 The Concept of ‘Employment in the Public Service’ in EU Law|445
3|3 A ‘Trivialization’ of Public Employment?|446
3|4 The Relationship of ‘Indifference’ Between European and National Law|447
3|5 The Insurmountable Special Status of Public Officer|449
3|References|450
2|Recipient of EU Programmes|452
3|1 Public Financing|452
3|2 Public Funding of the European Union|453
3|3 The ‘Programmes’ of the European Union|454
3|4 Forms of Legal Relationship Between Financing Institutions and Beneficiaries|455
3|5 Requirements of the Recipients|456
3|6 Obligations of the Recipients|457
4|6.1 The Main Obligation to Perform the Activity|458
4|6.2 Other Obligations|458
3|7 Rights of the Recipients|459
3|References|459
2|Refugee|460
3|1 Introduction|460
3|2 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees|461
3|3 European Union|461
3|4 Conclusion|466
3|References|467
2|Religious Believer|468
3|1 Preliminary Remarks|468
3|2 Religious Freedom and Status of Religious Believer Through International and European Perspectives|469
3|3 Jurisprudential Path: Rights of the Religious Believer Through the Prism of Case Law|470
4|3.1 Nature and Content of the Freedom of Religion with Reference to Religious External Manifestations|470
4|3.2 Religious Symbols or Clothing|472
5|3.2.1 Religious Symbols or Clothing in the Public Sphere|472
5|3.2.2 Religious Symbols or Clothing at Workplace|472
5|3.2.3 Religious Symbols or Clothing in State Schools and Educational Institutions|473
4|3.3 Religious Freedom of Parents and Educational Rights of Children|474
4|3.4 Further Dimension of Religious Believers’ Rights|474
3|4 Conclusions|475
3|References|476
2|Religious Person|477
3|1 Introduction|477
3|2 Freedom of Religion, Status of Religious Persons, and Non-discrimination Through International and European Perspectives|478
3|3 Jurisprudential Path: Rights of Religious Person Through the Prism of Case Law|480
4|3.1 Nature and Content of the Freedom of Religion|480
4|3.2 The Controversial Definition of ‘Religion’ or ‘Belief’. General Jurisprudential Paths|481
4|3.3 Freedom of Religion and Protection Against Discrimination|482
3|4 Conclusions|483
3|References|483
2|Research Volunteer|485
3|1 Introduction|485
3|2 The Concept of the Research Volunteer|485
3|3 Classes of Research Volunteers|487
4|3.1 Persons Incapable of Giving Consent|488
4|3.2 Minors|489
4|3.3 Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women|490
4|3.4 Other Vulnerable Groups|490
3|4 Conclusions|491
3|References|491
2|Researcher|493
3|1 Introduction|493
3|2 The Role of the Researcher|494
3|3 Types or Researchers|494
3|4 The Mobility of Researchers|495
3|5 Researchers from Third Countries|496
3|6 The Responsibility of Researchers Towards Society|497
3|Reference|497
2|Sex Worker|498
3|1 Introduction|498
3|2 Sociological Aspects of the Definition of a Sex Worker|498
3|3 Legal Aspects of the Definition of Sex Worker in the EU|499
4|3.1 The Abolitionist Model|500
4|3.2 The Legalising Model|501
4|3.3 The Regulationist Model|501
4|3.4 Sex Work from an EU Law Perspective|502
3|4 Conclusions|503
3|References|503
2|Soldier|504
3|1 Citizens in Uniform|504
3|2 Armed Forces and Democratic Constitutions|505
3|3 Restrictions of Fundamental Rights for Military Personnel|506
4|3.1 Restrictions to Freedom of Expression|506
4|3.2 Restrictions to Freedom of Association|507
3|References|510
2|Sportsperson|511
3|1 Introduction|511
3|2 The Traditional Definition of a Sportsperson|512
3|3 The Freedom of Movement of Athletes|512
3|4 Competition|515
3|5 Judicial Review|516
3|6 Conclusions|516
3|References|517
2|Statutory Auditor|518
3|1 International and Historical Background|518
4|1.1 Stage 1: Before 1840|518
4|1.2 Stage 2: 1840–1920|519
4|1.3 Stage 3: 1920–1960|519
4|1.4 Stage 4: 1960–1990|520
4|1.5 Stage 5: 1990 to Date|520
3|2 EU Applicable Legislation on the Statutory Audit: Definition, Role, Position and Liabilities|520
4|2.1 EU Applicable Legislation: Introduction|520
4|2.2 Definition and Role of the Statutory Auditor|521
4|2.3 Position (Qualifications and Requirements) and Liability of the Statutory Auditor Within the European Union|522
3|3 Role of Audits Within EU Programmes|523
3|References|525
4|Further Readinngs|526
2|Student|527
3|1 Introduction|527
3|2 The Influence of the European System|528
3|3 Protection of the Right to Education at the International Level|528
3|4 The Rights Provided by the ECHR|529
3|5 The Right to Education in the Charter of Rights|529
3|6 Equality and Differentiation in the Enjoyment of the Right to Education of Foreign Students in the EU|531
3|7 The Other Rights Related to Student Status|532
3|8 European Policies for Student Mobility|533
3|9 Conclusions|533
3|References|534
2|Subsidiary Status|535
3|1 Introduction|535
3|2 Subsidiary Status in the Qualification Directive|535
3|3 Subsidiary Status as a Substitute for Asylum|536
3|4 The Restricted Scope of Subsidiary Status|537
3|5 ‘Reduced Rights’ as the Content of Subsidiary Status|538
4|5.1 Discriminatory Access to Family Reunification|539
4|5.2 Discrimination in the Duration of Residence Permits|539
4|5.3 Discrimination in Social Welfare Entitlement|539
3|6 Subsidiary Status in Malta|540
3|7 Conclusion|541
3|References|541
2|Taxpayer|543
3|1 Introduction|543
3|2 National Definitions of a Taxpayer and the Elements of These Definitions|544
3|3 Definitions of Taxpayer Under EU Positive Law|545
4|3.1 Direct Taxation Harmonization: Directives Regarding Companies|545
4|3.2 Indirect Taxation Harmonization: VAT|546
3|4 Taxpayers as Catalysts for Economic Integration|547
3|5 Conclusions|548
3|References|549
2|Teacher|550
3|1 The Open Method of Coordination in Education|550
3|2 Absence of the Requirement of Citizenship for Access to the Profession|551
3|3 Fair and Easy Access to Quality Education in Europe|551
3|4 Reviewing and Strengthening the Professional Profile of All Teacher Professions|553
3|5 Digital Learning|554
3|6 Investing Public Resources for the Improvement of Teaching|554
3|7 European Law and Teachers’ Fixed-Term Contracts|555
3|8 Conclusions|556
3|References|556
2|Technology Transfer Professional|557
3|1 Introduction|557
3|2 Mechanisms Enabling Technology or Knowledge Transfers|559
3|3 European Knowledge Transfer Offices (KTOs)|560
3|4 Dealing with the Definition of Technology Transfer Professionals’ Status|561
3|References|563
2|Third Country National|565
3|1 Third Country Nationals in European Union Law|565
4|1.1 Creation and Regulation|565
4|1.2 Residence and Freedom of Movement|566
4|1.3 Family Members of Union Citizens|567
3|2 Third Country Nationals in Malta|568
4|2.1 Entry, Residence and Citizenship|568
4|2.2 Right to Marry|569
3|3 Conclusion|571
3|References|572
2|Transgender Person|573
3|1 Gender Identity and Transgenderism: An Introduction|573
3|2 EU and International Framework on Gender Identity|574
3|3 Jurisprudence on Gender Identity|576
3|4 Conclusions|577
3|References|578
2|Transsexual Person|580
3|1 Gender Identity and Transsexualism|580
3|2 EU and International Legal Framework on Gender Identity|581
3|3 ECJ’s Jurisprudence on Gender Identity|583
3|4 ECtHR’s Jurisprudence on Gender Identity|584
3|5 Conclusions|585
3|References|586
2|User|587
3|1 ‘User’ as a Multi-Purpose Legal Term|587
3|2 ‘Users’ as Recipients of Services of General Interest (SGI)|588
3|3 Basic Principles of the Recognition of Rights to Users of SGI as Citizens|591
3|References|592
2|Voluntary|593
3|1 Introduction|593
3|2 Volunteering in EU Law and the European Voluntary Humanitarian Aid Corps|594
3|3 Internet-Mediated Volunteering|596
3|4 Volunteering as Part of Corporate Social Responsibility|596
3|5 Volunteering in Relation to Routes of Formal and Informal Learning at EU Level|597
3|References|599
2|Vulnerable Person|600
3|1 Introduction|600
3|2 From a Traditional Approach Towards the Modern Understanding of the Vulnerability of Persons with Disabilities|601
3|3 Vulnerability of Persons with Disabilities Under EU Law|602
3|4 Conclusion|605
3|References|606
2|Waste Producer and Waste Holder|607
3|1 Introduction|607
3|2 Definitions of Waste Producer and Waste Holder in Directive 2009/28/EC|608
3|3 Intent to “Discard” as the Criterion for Defining Who Is a Waste Producer or Waste Holder in Light of the EU Renewable Energy Strategy|609
3|4 Definition of Biomass and Farmers as Waste Holders, Waste Producers or Suppliers of Biomass-Derived By-products|612
3|5 Conclusion|613
3|References|613
2|Woman|615
3|1 Introduction: Traditional Definition|615
3|2 EU Law on Women’s Rights|616
4|2.1 Fundamental Principles of the Legal Status of Women in the EU|616
4|2.2 Secondary Law|618
4|2.3 Case Law|619
3|3 Current Legal Status of Women in the EU|620
3|References|622
2|Worker|623
3|1 Notions of the Worker in EU Law|623
3|2 Worker Status and Freedom of Movement|625
3|3 Worker Status and Coordination of Social Security Systems|626
3|4 Worker Status and Social Harmonisation|627
3|5 Fragments of a Definition of Worker Status in EU Law|628
3|References|629