File #2735: "2019_Book_ComparativeLegalFrameworksForP.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|5
1|Acknowledgments|7
1|Contents|9
1|Abbreviations|13
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|15
2|1.1 Theoretical Background|15
2|1.2 Why Is This Work Important?|19
2|1.3 The Comparative Jurisdictions|24
2|1.4 Globalization and the Main Concerns|27
3|1.4.1 Socio-Legal and Ethical Concerns of PGD and Genome Editing|27
3|1.4.2 Differences in Legal/Regulatory Frameworks & Attitudes|31
3|1.4.3 An International Regulatory Benchmark?|36
2|References|38
1|Chapter 2: The Legacy of Eugenics in Contemporary Law|41
2|2.1 Relevance of Eugenics in the Contemporary Genetic Debates|44
2|2.2 Historical Aspects and Paradigms of Eugenics Movements|46
3|2.2.1 Galton’s Theory of Heredity as the Birth of Early Eugenics|46
3|2.2.2 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance and Their Relationship with Early Eugenics|47
3|2.2.3 Beyond Historical Conceptions: A Violation of Rights in Eugenics Practice|49
4|2.2.3.1 Forced Sterilization as a Form of the Early Eugenics Movements in the United States (US)|49
4|2.2.3.2 Eugenic Policies in Nazi Germany|55
4|2.2.3.3 State-Supported Eugenics Movements in Asia|58
2|2.3 The Theory of ‘Liberal’ Eugenics: Autonomy and Freedom from State Intervention|62
3|2.3.1 Liberal Eugenics: A Recognition of Autonomy?|62
3|2.3.2 A Re-interpretation of Autonomy in Liberal Eugenics|75
2|2.4 Eugenic Legacies in Contemporary Genetic Debates|80
2|References|83
1|Chapter 3: The Legal and Ethical Debates in Embryo Selection|87
2|3.1 Infertility and the Journey to Embryo Selection|90
2|3.2 Genetic Screening Technologies: Pre-implantation Genetic Screening (PGS) and Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)|98
3|3.2.1 Distinctions Between PGS and PGD|99
3|3.2.2 Current State of the Laws/Regulation for PGD in the Selected Jurisdictions|102
4|3.2.2.1 The United States|102
4|3.2.2.2 The United Kingdom|105
4|3.2.2.3 Australia|108
4|3.2.2.4 Malaysia|111
4|3.2.2.5 Thailand|114
2|3.3 The Predominant Debates in the Selected Jurisdictions|117
3|3.3.1 Political and Socio-Legal or Legal Debates|118
3|3.3.2 Religious and Cultural Debates|120
3|3.3.3 Ethical and Philosophical Debates|122
2|3.4 Comparisons of the Debates: Shaping the Framework of Regulation|125
2|3.5 Reprogenetics As an Influence in Regulation Shaping|129
2|References|131
1|Chapter 4: The Regulatory Framework in Biomedical Technologies|136
2|4.1 Regulatory Theory in the Field of Biomedical Technologies|138
3|4.1.1 Why Should Biomedical Technologies Be Regulated?|138
3|4.1.2 The Foundations of Regulatory Theory|142
3|4.1.3 Regulatory Approaches in Biomedical Technologies|145
2|4.2 The Challenges of Regulating Biomedical Technologies|152
3|4.2.1 Legitimacy|153
4|4.2.1.1 The Bioethical Triangle|154
4|4.2.1.2 Informed Consent|156
4|4.2.1.3 Pluralism|158
3|4.2.2 Effectiveness and Enforceability|160
3|4.2.3 Legal Pluralism/Cosmopolitanism|163
2|4.3 Analogies of Regulatory Design|166
3|4.3.1 The Abortion Debates|167
3|4.3.2 Prenatal Testing Technologies|172
2|4.4 Values and Modalities in Regulatory Approaches|175
2|4.5 The Role of Law in Regulatory Frameworks|181
2|References|183
1|Chapter 5: International Biomedical Laws in the Field of Genetic Interventions|188
2|5.1 Existing International Biomedical Laws|191
3|5.1.1 Biomedical Laws: Public Law or Private Law?|191
3|5.1.2 Principles of International Biomedical Laws|194
2|5.2 Selected International Human Rights Instruments in Biomedicine|199
2|5.3 Shortcomings of the International Instruments in Current Bioethical Issues|204
3|5.3.1 Human Dignity as a Grounded Normative Value|207
3|5.3.2 Germ-Line Genetic Interventions|212
3|5.3.3 The Impact of the Shortcomings on Human Rights Discourse|216
2|5.4 Guidelines/Recommendations for Genetic Interventions: Are They Enough?|218
2|References|220
1|Chapter 6: The Dynamics of Basic Constitutional Rights in Selected Jurisdictions|226
2|6.1 The Key Approaches in a Rights-Based Discussion|229
3|6.1.1 The Human Rights Approach in the Field of Genetic Interventions|233
3|6.1.2 Entry Points of Regulation: Genetic Interventions in the Selected Jurisdictions|235
2|6.2 The Role of Human Rights As Constitutional Rights in the Selected Jurisdictions|240
2|6.3 Differences in the Rights-Based Frameworks of Selected Jurisdictions (The Human Rights Components)|243
3|6.3.1 Group One (1): The United States|244
3|6.3.2 Group Two (2): United Kingdom and Australia|250
4|6.3.2.1 The United Kingdom|250
4|6.3.2.2 Australia|265
3|6.3.3 Group Three (3): Malaysia and Thailand|273
4|6.3.3.1 Malaysia|276
4|6.3.3.2 Thailand|279
2|6.4 The Entry Points of Regulation in Pre-implantation Genetic Interventions|284
2|References|288
1|Chapter 7: Conclusion|298
2|7.1 Lessons: Unlearned and Learned|298
3|7.1.1 Lessons Unlearned|298
3|7.1.2 Lessons Learned|300
2|7.2 Other Regulatory Implications|303
3|7.2.1 Implications on Relevant Stakeholders|303
3|7.2.2 Implications on Reproduction and Reproductive/Maternal Health|305
3|7.2.3 Implications on Scientific/Medical/Healthcare Research and Development|308
2|7.3 Rebooting the Future|310
2|References|311
1|References|314
1|Acknowledgments|7
1|Contents|9
1|Abbreviations|13
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|15
2|1.1 Theoretical Background|15
2|1.2 Why Is This Work Important?|19
2|1.3 The Comparative Jurisdictions|24
2|1.4 Globalization and the Main Concerns|27
3|1.4.1 Socio-Legal and Ethical Concerns of PGD and Genome Editing|27
3|1.4.2 Differences in Legal/Regulatory Frameworks & Attitudes|31
3|1.4.3 An International Regulatory Benchmark?|36
2|References|38
1|Chapter 2: The Legacy of Eugenics in Contemporary Law|41
2|2.1 Relevance of Eugenics in the Contemporary Genetic Debates|44
2|2.2 Historical Aspects and Paradigms of Eugenics Movements|46
3|2.2.1 Galton’s Theory of Heredity as the Birth of Early Eugenics|46
3|2.2.2 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance and Their Relationship with Early Eugenics|47
3|2.2.3 Beyond Historical Conceptions: A Violation of Rights in Eugenics Practice|49
4|2.2.3.1 Forced Sterilization as a Form of the Early Eugenics Movements in the United States (US)|49
4|2.2.3.2 Eugenic Policies in Nazi Germany|55
4|2.2.3.3 State-Supported Eugenics Movements in Asia|58
2|2.3 The Theory of ‘Liberal’ Eugenics: Autonomy and Freedom from State Intervention|62
3|2.3.1 Liberal Eugenics: A Recognition of Autonomy?|62
3|2.3.2 A Re-interpretation of Autonomy in Liberal Eugenics|75
2|2.4 Eugenic Legacies in Contemporary Genetic Debates|80
2|References|83
1|Chapter 3: The Legal and Ethical Debates in Embryo Selection|87
2|3.1 Infertility and the Journey to Embryo Selection|90
2|3.2 Genetic Screening Technologies: Pre-implantation Genetic Screening (PGS) and Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)|98
3|3.2.1 Distinctions Between PGS and PGD|99
3|3.2.2 Current State of the Laws/Regulation for PGD in the Selected Jurisdictions|102
4|3.2.2.1 The United States|102
4|3.2.2.2 The United Kingdom|105
4|3.2.2.3 Australia|108
4|3.2.2.4 Malaysia|111
4|3.2.2.5 Thailand|114
2|3.3 The Predominant Debates in the Selected Jurisdictions|117
3|3.3.1 Political and Socio-Legal or Legal Debates|118
3|3.3.2 Religious and Cultural Debates|120
3|3.3.3 Ethical and Philosophical Debates|122
2|3.4 Comparisons of the Debates: Shaping the Framework of Regulation|125
2|3.5 Reprogenetics As an Influence in Regulation Shaping|129
2|References|131
1|Chapter 4: The Regulatory Framework in Biomedical Technologies|136
2|4.1 Regulatory Theory in the Field of Biomedical Technologies|138
3|4.1.1 Why Should Biomedical Technologies Be Regulated?|138
3|4.1.2 The Foundations of Regulatory Theory|142
3|4.1.3 Regulatory Approaches in Biomedical Technologies|145
2|4.2 The Challenges of Regulating Biomedical Technologies|152
3|4.2.1 Legitimacy|153
4|4.2.1.1 The Bioethical Triangle|154
4|4.2.1.2 Informed Consent|156
4|4.2.1.3 Pluralism|158
3|4.2.2 Effectiveness and Enforceability|160
3|4.2.3 Legal Pluralism/Cosmopolitanism|163
2|4.3 Analogies of Regulatory Design|166
3|4.3.1 The Abortion Debates|167
3|4.3.2 Prenatal Testing Technologies|172
2|4.4 Values and Modalities in Regulatory Approaches|175
2|4.5 The Role of Law in Regulatory Frameworks|181
2|References|183
1|Chapter 5: International Biomedical Laws in the Field of Genetic Interventions|188
2|5.1 Existing International Biomedical Laws|191
3|5.1.1 Biomedical Laws: Public Law or Private Law?|191
3|5.1.2 Principles of International Biomedical Laws|194
2|5.2 Selected International Human Rights Instruments in Biomedicine|199
2|5.3 Shortcomings of the International Instruments in Current Bioethical Issues|204
3|5.3.1 Human Dignity as a Grounded Normative Value|207
3|5.3.2 Germ-Line Genetic Interventions|212
3|5.3.3 The Impact of the Shortcomings on Human Rights Discourse|216
2|5.4 Guidelines/Recommendations for Genetic Interventions: Are They Enough?|218
2|References|220
1|Chapter 6: The Dynamics of Basic Constitutional Rights in Selected Jurisdictions|226
2|6.1 The Key Approaches in a Rights-Based Discussion|229
3|6.1.1 The Human Rights Approach in the Field of Genetic Interventions|233
3|6.1.2 Entry Points of Regulation: Genetic Interventions in the Selected Jurisdictions|235
2|6.2 The Role of Human Rights As Constitutional Rights in the Selected Jurisdictions|240
2|6.3 Differences in the Rights-Based Frameworks of Selected Jurisdictions (The Human Rights Components)|243
3|6.3.1 Group One (1): The United States|244
3|6.3.2 Group Two (2): United Kingdom and Australia|250
4|6.3.2.1 The United Kingdom|250
4|6.3.2.2 Australia|265
3|6.3.3 Group Three (3): Malaysia and Thailand|273
4|6.3.3.1 Malaysia|276
4|6.3.3.2 Thailand|279
2|6.4 The Entry Points of Regulation in Pre-implantation Genetic Interventions|284
2|References|288
1|Chapter 7: Conclusion|298
2|7.1 Lessons: Unlearned and Learned|298
3|7.1.1 Lessons Unlearned|298
3|7.1.2 Lessons Learned|300
2|7.2 Other Regulatory Implications|303
3|7.2.1 Implications on Relevant Stakeholders|303
3|7.2.2 Implications on Reproduction and Reproductive/Maternal Health|305
3|7.2.3 Implications on Scientific/Medical/Healthcare Research and Development|308
2|7.3 Rebooting the Future|310
2|References|311
1|References|314