File #2758: "2019_Book_ChartingEnvironmentalLawFuture.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|5
1|Contents|7
1|1 Securing Equitable and Sustainable Futures in the Anthropocene—What Role and Challenges for Environmental Law?|10
2|1.1 The Anthropocene|12
3|1.1.1 A Safe Operating Space for Humanity|14
2|1.2 Sustainable and Equitable Futures in the Anthropocene|15
3|1.2.1 Global Inequities Challenge Planetary Sustainability|16
3|1.2.2 Towards Equitable Sustainability in the Anthropocene|19
3|1.2.3 Plausible and Desirable Environmental Law Futures in a Good Anthropocene|20
2|1.3 Charting Environmental Law Futures in the Anthropocene|21
3|1.3.1 Re-Defining Human-Environment Relationships|21
3|1.3.2 Planetary Order and International Collaboration|23
3|1.3.3 Implementing Transformative Law and Governance for Sustainable and Equitable Futures|24
2|1.4 Conclusion|25
2|References|26
1|Re-defining Human-Environment Relationships|28
1|2 Rights of Nature in the Anthropocene: Towards the Democratization of Environmental Law?|29
2|2.1 Nature Has Rights: From Some Latin American Legal Systems to Other Regulatory Spaces|31
3|2.1.1 The Rights of Nature in the International Law Arena|31
3|2.1.2 Latin America—Leading the Way for Nature’s Rights|32
3|2.1.3 Key Characteristics of Nature’s Rights in Latin America|35
3|2.1.4 Implementing the Rights of Nature in the Anthropocene|36
2|2.2 An Emergent Agenda for Socio-Legal Environmental Law Research in the Anthropocene|37
2|References|38
1|3 Moving Towards “Ecological Civilization” in the Anthropocene: The Future of Environmental Law in China|40
2|3.1 Anthropocene: A Concept for Self-reflection|41
2|3.2 The Proposition of “Ecological Civilization” in the Anthropocene|42
2|3.3 Re-conceptualizing the Environmental Law in China in Moving Towards “Ecological Civilization”|43
3|3.3.1 The Formation of Rules in a Process of “Glocalization”|44
3|3.3.2 The Guarantee of Implementation via Administrative/Party Accountability Mechanism|45
3|3.3.3 The Systematization of Legal Standing for Environmental Litigation|47
2|3.4 Concluding Remarks|48
2|References|49
1|4 International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene: Addressing the Gaps Towards ‘Sustainable Development Law’|51
2|4.1 Introduction|51
2|4.2 Sustainable Development in the Anthropocene|52
2|4.3 International Environmental Law Needs a New Paradigm: Challenges of IEL|55
3|4.3.1 The Emergence of Sustainable Development Law|57
3|4.3.2 Advancing Sustainable Development Law in the Anthropocene|58
2|4.4 The Way Forward: A Global Pact for the Environment?|60
2|4.5 Final Remarks|62
2|References|62
1|5 Ecological Restoration as a Legal Duty in the Anthropocene|65
2|5.1 Introduction|65
2|5.2 Challenges for Ecological Restoration in the Anthropocene|66
3|5.2.1 Defining the (Historical) Reference System|66
3|5.2.2 Towards ‘Novel’ Ecosystems?|68
2|5.3 Legal Challenges for Ecological Restoration|69
3|5.3.1 Defining the Legal Duty to Restore|69
3|5.3.2 Outcome of the Legal Duty to Restore|71
3|5.3.3 Implementation Challenges|71
2|5.4 Possible Ways Forward|72
3|5.4.1 The Need for Principles and Standards|72
3|5.4.2 The Need for New Laws?|73
2|5.5 Conclusion|74
2|References|74
1|6 Governance for Protected Areas “Beyond the Boundary”—A Conceptual Framework for Biodiversity Conservation in the Anthropocene|77
2|6.1 Introduction: The Challenge of the Anthropocene|77
2|6.2 Japan’s National Parks as a Typical “Beyond the Boundary” Model|79
2|6.3 Key Factors for Successful Management of the “Beyond the Boundary” Model|80
2|6.4 UNESCO’s Biosphere Reserve: Incorporating “People” in Protected Area|83
2|6.5 Conclusion: The Role of Environmental Law in the Anthropocene|84
2|References|85
1|Planetary Order and International Collaboration|86
1|7 The Ocean-Climate Nexus in the Unfolding Anthropocene: Addressing Environmental Challenges Through International Law and Cooperation|87
2|7.1 Introduction: The Ocean-Climate Nexus in the Anthropocene|87
2|7.2 The Ocean-Climate Nexus in International Law|90
2|7.3 Example 1: International Shipping Emissions|92
2|7.4 Example 2: Blue Carbon|93
2|7.5 Example 3: Protecting the High Seas|95
2|7.6 Conclusion|97
2|References|98
1|8 Consequences of the Recognition of Forest Protection as a Common Concern of Humankind for the Anthropocene|99
2|8.1 Introduction|100
2|8.2 The Global Commons and International Law|101
3|8.2.1 Global Commons of Common Concern Character in Multilateral Environmental Agreements|102
3|8.2.2 Applicability of the Three Common Concern Key Elements to Forests|104
2|8.3 Forests as a Common Concern in the Anthropocene|105
2|8.4 Advancing Common Concern in the Anthropocene|106
2|8.5 Conclusion|107
2|References|108
1|9 International Water Law in Multi-scale Governance of Shared Waters in the Anthropocene: Towards Cooperation, not “Water Wars”|110
2|9.1 The Importance of Transboundary Freshwater Resources in the Anthropocene|110
2|9.2 The Rise of “Water Wars” Rhetoric During the Anthropocene Despite a Record of Hydro-diplomacy|112
2|9.3 Global Conventions in Force Offering Legal Foundations for Cooperation and Dispute Settlement|115
2|9.4 Watercourses Convention|116
2|9.5 Water Convention|117
2|9.6 Conclusion|118
2|References|119
1|10 Rising China and Antarctic Futures in the Anthropocene|123
2|10.1 Introduction|123
2|10.2 International Law in Antarctica|124
2|10.3 The Rise of China and Antarctic Futures|125
3|10.3.1 Antarctic Futures|125
3|10.3.2 China’s Expansion in Antarctica|126
2|10.4 China’s Antarctic Law and Policy|127
2|10.5 Conclusion|128
2|References|129
1|11 The International Environmental Court—A Necessary Institution for Sustainable Planetary Governance in the Anthropocene|131
2|11.1 Introduction|131
2|11.2 The Importance of an International Environmental Court for Global Governance in the Anthropocene|132
2|11.3 An International Environmental Court as the Appropriate Mechanism to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals|134
2|11.4 An International Environmental Court as a Challenge to Existing System of Environmental Dispute Resolution|135
2|11.5 Conclusion|138
2|References|139
1|12 Global Assessment and Review: The Importance of a Transparency Turn in International Environmental Law|141
2|12.1 Introduction|141
2|12.2 The Importance of Transparency for Effective Global Environmental Governance|142
2|12.3 Challenges to Achieving a Transparent and Accountable Global Environmental Governance System|144
2|12.4 A New Transformation: Transparency in the Anthropocene|146
2|12.5 Embracing Transparency: Measuring, Reporting and Monitoring Environmental Trends|147
2|12.6 Conclusion|148
2|References|149
1|Implementing Transformative Law and Governance for Sustainable and Equitable Futures|151
1|13 Indigenous Rights and Universal Periodic Review: A Confluence of Human Rights and Environmental Issues|152
2|References|157
1|14 Constitutionally Shackled: The Story of Environmental Jurisprudence in India|159
2|14.1 Introduction|160
2|14.2 Challenges to Obtaining Redress for Environmental Harm|160
2|14.3 The Oleum Gas Leak Case|163
2|14.4 The Vellore Citizen’s Welfare Forum Case|164
2|14.5 The Godavarman Case|166
2|14.6 Conclusion|167
2|References|168
1|15 Liability for Environmental Harm as a Response to the Anthropocene|170
2|15.1 The Anthropocene and Environmental Rule of Law|170
2|15.2 Liability for Environmental Harm|171
2|15.3 Deterring Future Environmental Harm|172
2|15.4 Remedies Following Environmental Harm|173
2|15.5 The Challenges to Operationalising Liability for Environmental Harm|174
2|15.6 Liability in the Future Environmental Law|176
2|References|177
1|16 On the Hypotactic Imperative for a Transition from the Anthropocene to the Sustainocene|180
2|16.1 Introduction|180
2|16.2 The Problem with Environmental Law Today|182
2|16.3 The Solution|184
2|16.4 Codetta|185
2|References|188
1|17 Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: Why Judicial Activism and Legislative Interventions Have Failed to Effectively Address This Issue?|190
2|17.1 Introduction|190
2|17.2 Rise of the Urban Municipal Solid Waste|191
2|17.3 Procedural and Regulatory Laws for Municipal Solid Waste Management|193
2|17.4 Non-implementation of the Municipal Solid Waste Rules and Its Subsequent Amendments|194
2|17.5 Paper Tigers, Inefficient Monitors and a Self-centered Society|197
2|17.6 Accurate Data Collection, Stricter Enforcement of Laws and Higher Public Participation|199
2|References|200
1|18 Can South African Planning Law and Policy Promote Urban Sustainability in the Anthropocene?|201
2|18.1 Introduction|202
2|18.2 The Notion of Urban Sustainability in the Anthropocene|203
2|18.3 The Role of Planning Law for Promoting Sustainable Cities|204
3|18.3.1 Planning for Urban Sustainability|204
2|18.4 Compatibility of Planning Law for Promoting Sustainable Cities: A South African Perspective|205
2|18.5 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996)|206
2|18.6 Local Government: Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000|207
2|18.7 Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act 16 of 2013|208
3|18.7.1 The Role of South African Planning Law in the Pursuit of Urban Sustainability: A Matter of Reasonable Compatibility?|209
2|18.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions for Planning Law for Promoting Sustainable Cities|212
2|References|213
1|Research Agenda for Sustainable and Equitable Environmental Law Futures in the Anthropocene|217
1|19 Pathways to Equitable Sustainability in the Anthropocene: An Agenda for Legal Research|218
2|19.1 Introduction|218
2|19.2 Research and Action Priority 1: Reframe Our Relationships with the Earth|220
3|19.2.1 Moving Beyond the Neoliberal Capitalist System|220
3|19.2.2 Exploring Broader Framings of Our Relationships with Nature and Human Well-Being|221
2|19.3 Research and Action Priority 2: Developing Integrated Approaches|223
3|19.3.1 Systems Thinking|224
3|19.3.2 Transdisciplinarity|226
3|19.3.3 Instrumental and Institutional Coordination|227
2|19.4 Research and Action Priority 3: Harnessing the Role of Law|228
3|19.4.1 Applying and Extending Existing and Emerging Legal Principles|228
3|19.4.2 Human Rights and Basic Human Needs|231
3|19.4.3 Developing and Drawing on Existing Areas of Law and Legal Mechanisms to Give Effect to a More Nuanced, Equitable and Sustainable Relationship with Our Planet|232
2|19.5 Research and Action Priority 4: Mobilise New Actors and Empower Coordinated Action at Multiple Governance Scales|233
3|19.5.1 Mobilise Broader Coalitions of Actors|233
3|19.5.2 Coordination Across Scales|235
2|19.6 Research and Action Priority 5: Enable Transparent, Accountable and Responsive Governance and Decision-Making|236
3|19.6.1 Transparency and Accountability|236
3|19.6.2 Access to Justice|237
3|19.6.3 Faster and More Responsive Decision-Making|238
2|19.7 Conclusion|239
2|References|241
1|Contents|7
1|1 Securing Equitable and Sustainable Futures in the Anthropocene—What Role and Challenges for Environmental Law?|10
2|1.1 The Anthropocene|12
3|1.1.1 A Safe Operating Space for Humanity|14
2|1.2 Sustainable and Equitable Futures in the Anthropocene|15
3|1.2.1 Global Inequities Challenge Planetary Sustainability|16
3|1.2.2 Towards Equitable Sustainability in the Anthropocene|19
3|1.2.3 Plausible and Desirable Environmental Law Futures in a Good Anthropocene|20
2|1.3 Charting Environmental Law Futures in the Anthropocene|21
3|1.3.1 Re-Defining Human-Environment Relationships|21
3|1.3.2 Planetary Order and International Collaboration|23
3|1.3.3 Implementing Transformative Law and Governance for Sustainable and Equitable Futures|24
2|1.4 Conclusion|25
2|References|26
1|Re-defining Human-Environment Relationships|28
1|2 Rights of Nature in the Anthropocene: Towards the Democratization of Environmental Law?|29
2|2.1 Nature Has Rights: From Some Latin American Legal Systems to Other Regulatory Spaces|31
3|2.1.1 The Rights of Nature in the International Law Arena|31
3|2.1.2 Latin America—Leading the Way for Nature’s Rights|32
3|2.1.3 Key Characteristics of Nature’s Rights in Latin America|35
3|2.1.4 Implementing the Rights of Nature in the Anthropocene|36
2|2.2 An Emergent Agenda for Socio-Legal Environmental Law Research in the Anthropocene|37
2|References|38
1|3 Moving Towards “Ecological Civilization” in the Anthropocene: The Future of Environmental Law in China|40
2|3.1 Anthropocene: A Concept for Self-reflection|41
2|3.2 The Proposition of “Ecological Civilization” in the Anthropocene|42
2|3.3 Re-conceptualizing the Environmental Law in China in Moving Towards “Ecological Civilization”|43
3|3.3.1 The Formation of Rules in a Process of “Glocalization”|44
3|3.3.2 The Guarantee of Implementation via Administrative/Party Accountability Mechanism|45
3|3.3.3 The Systematization of Legal Standing for Environmental Litigation|47
2|3.4 Concluding Remarks|48
2|References|49
1|4 International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene: Addressing the Gaps Towards ‘Sustainable Development Law’|51
2|4.1 Introduction|51
2|4.2 Sustainable Development in the Anthropocene|52
2|4.3 International Environmental Law Needs a New Paradigm: Challenges of IEL|55
3|4.3.1 The Emergence of Sustainable Development Law|57
3|4.3.2 Advancing Sustainable Development Law in the Anthropocene|58
2|4.4 The Way Forward: A Global Pact for the Environment?|60
2|4.5 Final Remarks|62
2|References|62
1|5 Ecological Restoration as a Legal Duty in the Anthropocene|65
2|5.1 Introduction|65
2|5.2 Challenges for Ecological Restoration in the Anthropocene|66
3|5.2.1 Defining the (Historical) Reference System|66
3|5.2.2 Towards ‘Novel’ Ecosystems?|68
2|5.3 Legal Challenges for Ecological Restoration|69
3|5.3.1 Defining the Legal Duty to Restore|69
3|5.3.2 Outcome of the Legal Duty to Restore|71
3|5.3.3 Implementation Challenges|71
2|5.4 Possible Ways Forward|72
3|5.4.1 The Need for Principles and Standards|72
3|5.4.2 The Need for New Laws?|73
2|5.5 Conclusion|74
2|References|74
1|6 Governance for Protected Areas “Beyond the Boundary”—A Conceptual Framework for Biodiversity Conservation in the Anthropocene|77
2|6.1 Introduction: The Challenge of the Anthropocene|77
2|6.2 Japan’s National Parks as a Typical “Beyond the Boundary” Model|79
2|6.3 Key Factors for Successful Management of the “Beyond the Boundary” Model|80
2|6.4 UNESCO’s Biosphere Reserve: Incorporating “People” in Protected Area|83
2|6.5 Conclusion: The Role of Environmental Law in the Anthropocene|84
2|References|85
1|Planetary Order and International Collaboration|86
1|7 The Ocean-Climate Nexus in the Unfolding Anthropocene: Addressing Environmental Challenges Through International Law and Cooperation|87
2|7.1 Introduction: The Ocean-Climate Nexus in the Anthropocene|87
2|7.2 The Ocean-Climate Nexus in International Law|90
2|7.3 Example 1: International Shipping Emissions|92
2|7.4 Example 2: Blue Carbon|93
2|7.5 Example 3: Protecting the High Seas|95
2|7.6 Conclusion|97
2|References|98
1|8 Consequences of the Recognition of Forest Protection as a Common Concern of Humankind for the Anthropocene|99
2|8.1 Introduction|100
2|8.2 The Global Commons and International Law|101
3|8.2.1 Global Commons of Common Concern Character in Multilateral Environmental Agreements|102
3|8.2.2 Applicability of the Three Common Concern Key Elements to Forests|104
2|8.3 Forests as a Common Concern in the Anthropocene|105
2|8.4 Advancing Common Concern in the Anthropocene|106
2|8.5 Conclusion|107
2|References|108
1|9 International Water Law in Multi-scale Governance of Shared Waters in the Anthropocene: Towards Cooperation, not “Water Wars”|110
2|9.1 The Importance of Transboundary Freshwater Resources in the Anthropocene|110
2|9.2 The Rise of “Water Wars” Rhetoric During the Anthropocene Despite a Record of Hydro-diplomacy|112
2|9.3 Global Conventions in Force Offering Legal Foundations for Cooperation and Dispute Settlement|115
2|9.4 Watercourses Convention|116
2|9.5 Water Convention|117
2|9.6 Conclusion|118
2|References|119
1|10 Rising China and Antarctic Futures in the Anthropocene|123
2|10.1 Introduction|123
2|10.2 International Law in Antarctica|124
2|10.3 The Rise of China and Antarctic Futures|125
3|10.3.1 Antarctic Futures|125
3|10.3.2 China’s Expansion in Antarctica|126
2|10.4 China’s Antarctic Law and Policy|127
2|10.5 Conclusion|128
2|References|129
1|11 The International Environmental Court—A Necessary Institution for Sustainable Planetary Governance in the Anthropocene|131
2|11.1 Introduction|131
2|11.2 The Importance of an International Environmental Court for Global Governance in the Anthropocene|132
2|11.3 An International Environmental Court as the Appropriate Mechanism to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals|134
2|11.4 An International Environmental Court as a Challenge to Existing System of Environmental Dispute Resolution|135
2|11.5 Conclusion|138
2|References|139
1|12 Global Assessment and Review: The Importance of a Transparency Turn in International Environmental Law|141
2|12.1 Introduction|141
2|12.2 The Importance of Transparency for Effective Global Environmental Governance|142
2|12.3 Challenges to Achieving a Transparent and Accountable Global Environmental Governance System|144
2|12.4 A New Transformation: Transparency in the Anthropocene|146
2|12.5 Embracing Transparency: Measuring, Reporting and Monitoring Environmental Trends|147
2|12.6 Conclusion|148
2|References|149
1|Implementing Transformative Law and Governance for Sustainable and Equitable Futures|151
1|13 Indigenous Rights and Universal Periodic Review: A Confluence of Human Rights and Environmental Issues|152
2|References|157
1|14 Constitutionally Shackled: The Story of Environmental Jurisprudence in India|159
2|14.1 Introduction|160
2|14.2 Challenges to Obtaining Redress for Environmental Harm|160
2|14.3 The Oleum Gas Leak Case|163
2|14.4 The Vellore Citizen’s Welfare Forum Case|164
2|14.5 The Godavarman Case|166
2|14.6 Conclusion|167
2|References|168
1|15 Liability for Environmental Harm as a Response to the Anthropocene|170
2|15.1 The Anthropocene and Environmental Rule of Law|170
2|15.2 Liability for Environmental Harm|171
2|15.3 Deterring Future Environmental Harm|172
2|15.4 Remedies Following Environmental Harm|173
2|15.5 The Challenges to Operationalising Liability for Environmental Harm|174
2|15.6 Liability in the Future Environmental Law|176
2|References|177
1|16 On the Hypotactic Imperative for a Transition from the Anthropocene to the Sustainocene|180
2|16.1 Introduction|180
2|16.2 The Problem with Environmental Law Today|182
2|16.3 The Solution|184
2|16.4 Codetta|185
2|References|188
1|17 Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: Why Judicial Activism and Legislative Interventions Have Failed to Effectively Address This Issue?|190
2|17.1 Introduction|190
2|17.2 Rise of the Urban Municipal Solid Waste|191
2|17.3 Procedural and Regulatory Laws for Municipal Solid Waste Management|193
2|17.4 Non-implementation of the Municipal Solid Waste Rules and Its Subsequent Amendments|194
2|17.5 Paper Tigers, Inefficient Monitors and a Self-centered Society|197
2|17.6 Accurate Data Collection, Stricter Enforcement of Laws and Higher Public Participation|199
2|References|200
1|18 Can South African Planning Law and Policy Promote Urban Sustainability in the Anthropocene?|201
2|18.1 Introduction|202
2|18.2 The Notion of Urban Sustainability in the Anthropocene|203
2|18.3 The Role of Planning Law for Promoting Sustainable Cities|204
3|18.3.1 Planning for Urban Sustainability|204
2|18.4 Compatibility of Planning Law for Promoting Sustainable Cities: A South African Perspective|205
2|18.5 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996)|206
2|18.6 Local Government: Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000|207
2|18.7 Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act 16 of 2013|208
3|18.7.1 The Role of South African Planning Law in the Pursuit of Urban Sustainability: A Matter of Reasonable Compatibility?|209
2|18.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions for Planning Law for Promoting Sustainable Cities|212
2|References|213
1|Research Agenda for Sustainable and Equitable Environmental Law Futures in the Anthropocene|217
1|19 Pathways to Equitable Sustainability in the Anthropocene: An Agenda for Legal Research|218
2|19.1 Introduction|218
2|19.2 Research and Action Priority 1: Reframe Our Relationships with the Earth|220
3|19.2.1 Moving Beyond the Neoliberal Capitalist System|220
3|19.2.2 Exploring Broader Framings of Our Relationships with Nature and Human Well-Being|221
2|19.3 Research and Action Priority 2: Developing Integrated Approaches|223
3|19.3.1 Systems Thinking|224
3|19.3.2 Transdisciplinarity|226
3|19.3.3 Instrumental and Institutional Coordination|227
2|19.4 Research and Action Priority 3: Harnessing the Role of Law|228
3|19.4.1 Applying and Extending Existing and Emerging Legal Principles|228
3|19.4.2 Human Rights and Basic Human Needs|231
3|19.4.3 Developing and Drawing on Existing Areas of Law and Legal Mechanisms to Give Effect to a More Nuanced, Equitable and Sustainable Relationship with Our Planet|232
2|19.5 Research and Action Priority 4: Mobilise New Actors and Empower Coordinated Action at Multiple Governance Scales|233
3|19.5.1 Mobilise Broader Coalitions of Actors|233
3|19.5.2 Coordination Across Scales|235
2|19.6 Research and Action Priority 5: Enable Transparent, Accountable and Responsive Governance and Decision-Making|236
3|19.6.1 Transparency and Accountability|236
3|19.6.2 Access to Justice|237
3|19.6.3 Faster and More Responsive Decision-Making|238
2|19.7 Conclusion|239
2|References|241