File #2820: "2020_Book_NileWaterRights.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|5
1|Contents|8
1|About the Author|12
1|Abbreviations and Acronyms|13
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|15
2|1.1 Water Scarcity and Global Water Resources|15
2|1.2 Responses from Within International Water Law|17
2|1.3 Water Scarcity in the Nile Basin|18
2|1.4 The Legal Regime for Utilization of the Nile´s Waters|20
2|1.5 Objectives and Structure of the Book|24
2|References|25
1|Part I: International Water Law|28
2|References|29
2|Chapter 2: Development of International Water Law|30
3|2.1 Beginnings and Development|30
3|2.2 Theoretical Bases|34
4|2.2.1 Absolute Territorial Sovereignty|34
4|2.2.2 Absolute Territorial Integrity|36
4|2.2.3 Limited Territorial Sovereignty|38
4|2.2.4 Community of Interest|40
3|2.3 Conclusion|41
3|References|42
2|Chapter 3: Customary Principles of International Water Law|44
3|3.1 Substantive Principles|45
4|3.1.1 Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization|45
5|3.1.1.1 Derivation|46
5|3.1.1.2 Legal Scope|47
5|3.1.1.3 Equitable and Reasonable Utilization as a Continuous Process|49
4|3.1.2 Obligation Not to Cause Significant Harm|50
5|3.1.2.1 Derivation|51
5|3.1.2.2 Concept of the No-Harm Rule in International Water Law|51
5|3.1.2.3 Relationship Between the No-Harm Rule and the Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization|53
4|3.1.3 Obligation to Protect International Watercourses and Their Ecosystems|55
3|3.2 Procedural Obligations|58
4|3.2.1 General Obligation to Cooperate|58
4|3.2.2 Obligation of Notification and Related Obligations|59
4|3.2.3 Obligation to Consult|61
4|3.2.4 Obligation to Exchange Data and Information|63
3|3.3 Conclusion|64
3|References|65
2|Chapter 4: International Agreements on Transboundary Freshwater Resources|68
3|4.1 Global Conventions|70
4|4.1.1 Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses of 1997|70
5|4.1.1.1 Background|71
5|4.1.1.2 Overview of the Provisions of the Convention|74
6|Introduction|74
6|General Principles|78
6|Planned Measures|83
6|Protection, Conservation, and Management|85
6|Harmful Circumstances, Emergency Situations, Other Provisions, and Final Clauses|85
4|4.1.2 Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers|87
3|4.2 Regional Agreements|88
3|4.3 Watercourse Agreements|93
4|4.3.1 Regulatory Content|93
4|4.3.2 Alignment of Watercourse-Specific Agreements with Global and Regional Water Agreements|94
3|4.4 International River Commissions|96
3|4.5 Conclusion|101
3|References|101
1|Part II: The Nile|105
2|References|106
2|Chapter 5: The Nile and Its Catchment Area|107
3|5.1 Sources, Catchment Area, and River Course|107
3|5.2 Climate and Water Scarcity|110
3|5.3 Population Structures and Economies in the Nile Basin|110
3|5.4 Development and Uses of the Nile|111
3|5.5 Political Relations Between the Nile Riparian States|112
3|References|114
2|Chapter 6: The Treaty Regime for the Nile|116
3|6.1 Historical Background|116
3|6.2 Agreements on the Use of the Nile|118
4|6.2.1 Anglo-Italian Protocol of 1891|119
5|6.2.1.1 Responsibility of Italy for the Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia Under the Treaty of Uccialli of 2 May 1889|120
5|6.2.1.2 Succession of Ethiopia|122
4|6.2.2 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1902|126
5|6.2.2.1 Ratification|127
5|6.2.2.2 Divergence Between the English and Amharic Texts|128
5|6.2.2.3 Unequal Treaty|132
5|6.2.2.4 Succession of Egypt and Sudan|133
5|6.2.2.5 Succession of South Sudan|135
5|6.2.2.6 Fundamental Change of Circumstances|136
4|6.2.3 Agreement Between the United Kingdom and the Congo Free State of 1906|139
4|6.2.4 Anglo-Italian Exchange of Notes of 1925|141
4|6.2.5 Anglo-Egyptian Nile Waters Agreement of 1929|143
5|6.2.5.1 Replacement by the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement|144
5|6.2.5.2 Binding Effect of the Agreement for Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda|147
6|Succession of Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda|147
6|Fundamental Change of Circumstances|149
5|6.2.5.3 Succession of South Sudan|154
5|6.2.5.4 Binding Effect for Ethiopia, Eritrea, DR Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi|155
4|6.2.6 Anglo-Belgian Agreement of 1934|156
4|6.2.7 Anglo-Egyptian Exchange of Notes from 1949 to 1953|157
4|6.2.8 Egyptian-Sudanese Nile Waters Agreement of 1959|159
5|6.2.8.1 Content of the Agreement|160
5|6.2.8.2 Binding Effect for the Upstream States|163
5|6.2.8.3 Succession of South Sudan|164
4|6.2.9 Conclusion|170
3|References|171
2|Chapter 7: Regional Cooperation Initiatives|177
3|7.1 Hydromet|177
3|7.2 Kagera Basin Organization|179
3|7.3 Undugu|179
3|7.4 TECCONILE|180
3|7.5 Nile 2002 Conferences|181
3|7.6 Lake Victoria Basin Commission|182
3|7.7 Nile Basin Initiative|183
4|7.7.1 Institutional Structure and Financing|184
4|7.7.2 Programs|186
3|7.8 Conclusion|188
3|References|189
2|Chapter 8: Agreement on the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework|191
3|8.1 Drafting and Negotiations|192
3|8.2 Treaty Provisions|197
4|8.2.1 Scope|197
4|8.2.2 General Principles|198
4|8.2.3 Community of Interest|199
4|8.2.4 Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization and No-Harm Rule|199
5|8.2.4.1 Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization|199
5|8.2.4.2 Obligation Not to Cause Significant Harm|202
5|8.2.4.3 Relationship Between the Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization and the No-Harm Rule|202
4|8.2.5 Benefit Sharing|203
4|8.2.6 Environmental Protection|205
4|8.2.7 Planned Measures|207
4|8.2.8 Water Security|210
4|8.2.9 Existing Treaties and Current Uses|212
4|8.2.10 Institutional Structure|214
4|8.2.11 Rights, Obligations, and Assets of the Nile Basin Initiative|218
4|8.2.12 Dispute Settlement|219
4|8.2.13 Other Provisions|220
3|8.3 Conclusion|220
3|References|225
2|Chapter 9: Implementing the Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization in the Nile Basin|228
3|9.1 Consideration of Relevant Factors and Circumstances Along the Nile|230
4|9.1.1 Factors of a Natural Character|230
4|9.1.2 Social and Economic Needs|234
4|9.1.3 Population Dependent on the Watercourse|237
4|9.1.4 Effects of Uses on Other Watercourse States|240
4|9.1.5 Existing and Potential Uses|242
4|9.1.6 Conservation, Protection, Development, Economy, Costs of Measures|254
4|9.1.7 Availability of Alternatives|259
3|9.2 Overall Assessment and Conclusion|265
3|References|269
1|Part III: Summary and Outlook|273
2|Chapter 10: Toward a Legal and Institutional Framework for Cooperation Along the Nile|274
1|Annex 1: Agreement Between the Republic of the Sudan and the United Arab Republic for the Full Utilization of the Nile Waters....|285
1|Annex 2: Agreement on the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework|292
2|2.1 Signature and Ratification|292
2|2.2 Text of the Agreement|292
1|Index|310
1|Contents|8
1|About the Author|12
1|Abbreviations and Acronyms|13
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|15
2|1.1 Water Scarcity and Global Water Resources|15
2|1.2 Responses from Within International Water Law|17
2|1.3 Water Scarcity in the Nile Basin|18
2|1.4 The Legal Regime for Utilization of the Nile´s Waters|20
2|1.5 Objectives and Structure of the Book|24
2|References|25
1|Part I: International Water Law|28
2|References|29
2|Chapter 2: Development of International Water Law|30
3|2.1 Beginnings and Development|30
3|2.2 Theoretical Bases|34
4|2.2.1 Absolute Territorial Sovereignty|34
4|2.2.2 Absolute Territorial Integrity|36
4|2.2.3 Limited Territorial Sovereignty|38
4|2.2.4 Community of Interest|40
3|2.3 Conclusion|41
3|References|42
2|Chapter 3: Customary Principles of International Water Law|44
3|3.1 Substantive Principles|45
4|3.1.1 Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization|45
5|3.1.1.1 Derivation|46
5|3.1.1.2 Legal Scope|47
5|3.1.1.3 Equitable and Reasonable Utilization as a Continuous Process|49
4|3.1.2 Obligation Not to Cause Significant Harm|50
5|3.1.2.1 Derivation|51
5|3.1.2.2 Concept of the No-Harm Rule in International Water Law|51
5|3.1.2.3 Relationship Between the No-Harm Rule and the Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization|53
4|3.1.3 Obligation to Protect International Watercourses and Their Ecosystems|55
3|3.2 Procedural Obligations|58
4|3.2.1 General Obligation to Cooperate|58
4|3.2.2 Obligation of Notification and Related Obligations|59
4|3.2.3 Obligation to Consult|61
4|3.2.4 Obligation to Exchange Data and Information|63
3|3.3 Conclusion|64
3|References|65
2|Chapter 4: International Agreements on Transboundary Freshwater Resources|68
3|4.1 Global Conventions|70
4|4.1.1 Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses of 1997|70
5|4.1.1.1 Background|71
5|4.1.1.2 Overview of the Provisions of the Convention|74
6|Introduction|74
6|General Principles|78
6|Planned Measures|83
6|Protection, Conservation, and Management|85
6|Harmful Circumstances, Emergency Situations, Other Provisions, and Final Clauses|85
4|4.1.2 Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers|87
3|4.2 Regional Agreements|88
3|4.3 Watercourse Agreements|93
4|4.3.1 Regulatory Content|93
4|4.3.2 Alignment of Watercourse-Specific Agreements with Global and Regional Water Agreements|94
3|4.4 International River Commissions|96
3|4.5 Conclusion|101
3|References|101
1|Part II: The Nile|105
2|References|106
2|Chapter 5: The Nile and Its Catchment Area|107
3|5.1 Sources, Catchment Area, and River Course|107
3|5.2 Climate and Water Scarcity|110
3|5.3 Population Structures and Economies in the Nile Basin|110
3|5.4 Development and Uses of the Nile|111
3|5.5 Political Relations Between the Nile Riparian States|112
3|References|114
2|Chapter 6: The Treaty Regime for the Nile|116
3|6.1 Historical Background|116
3|6.2 Agreements on the Use of the Nile|118
4|6.2.1 Anglo-Italian Protocol of 1891|119
5|6.2.1.1 Responsibility of Italy for the Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia Under the Treaty of Uccialli of 2 May 1889|120
5|6.2.1.2 Succession of Ethiopia|122
4|6.2.2 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1902|126
5|6.2.2.1 Ratification|127
5|6.2.2.2 Divergence Between the English and Amharic Texts|128
5|6.2.2.3 Unequal Treaty|132
5|6.2.2.4 Succession of Egypt and Sudan|133
5|6.2.2.5 Succession of South Sudan|135
5|6.2.2.6 Fundamental Change of Circumstances|136
4|6.2.3 Agreement Between the United Kingdom and the Congo Free State of 1906|139
4|6.2.4 Anglo-Italian Exchange of Notes of 1925|141
4|6.2.5 Anglo-Egyptian Nile Waters Agreement of 1929|143
5|6.2.5.1 Replacement by the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement|144
5|6.2.5.2 Binding Effect of the Agreement for Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda|147
6|Succession of Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda|147
6|Fundamental Change of Circumstances|149
5|6.2.5.3 Succession of South Sudan|154
5|6.2.5.4 Binding Effect for Ethiopia, Eritrea, DR Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi|155
4|6.2.6 Anglo-Belgian Agreement of 1934|156
4|6.2.7 Anglo-Egyptian Exchange of Notes from 1949 to 1953|157
4|6.2.8 Egyptian-Sudanese Nile Waters Agreement of 1959|159
5|6.2.8.1 Content of the Agreement|160
5|6.2.8.2 Binding Effect for the Upstream States|163
5|6.2.8.3 Succession of South Sudan|164
4|6.2.9 Conclusion|170
3|References|171
2|Chapter 7: Regional Cooperation Initiatives|177
3|7.1 Hydromet|177
3|7.2 Kagera Basin Organization|179
3|7.3 Undugu|179
3|7.4 TECCONILE|180
3|7.5 Nile 2002 Conferences|181
3|7.6 Lake Victoria Basin Commission|182
3|7.7 Nile Basin Initiative|183
4|7.7.1 Institutional Structure and Financing|184
4|7.7.2 Programs|186
3|7.8 Conclusion|188
3|References|189
2|Chapter 8: Agreement on the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework|191
3|8.1 Drafting and Negotiations|192
3|8.2 Treaty Provisions|197
4|8.2.1 Scope|197
4|8.2.2 General Principles|198
4|8.2.3 Community of Interest|199
4|8.2.4 Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization and No-Harm Rule|199
5|8.2.4.1 Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization|199
5|8.2.4.2 Obligation Not to Cause Significant Harm|202
5|8.2.4.3 Relationship Between the Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization and the No-Harm Rule|202
4|8.2.5 Benefit Sharing|203
4|8.2.6 Environmental Protection|205
4|8.2.7 Planned Measures|207
4|8.2.8 Water Security|210
4|8.2.9 Existing Treaties and Current Uses|212
4|8.2.10 Institutional Structure|214
4|8.2.11 Rights, Obligations, and Assets of the Nile Basin Initiative|218
4|8.2.12 Dispute Settlement|219
4|8.2.13 Other Provisions|220
3|8.3 Conclusion|220
3|References|225
2|Chapter 9: Implementing the Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization in the Nile Basin|228
3|9.1 Consideration of Relevant Factors and Circumstances Along the Nile|230
4|9.1.1 Factors of a Natural Character|230
4|9.1.2 Social and Economic Needs|234
4|9.1.3 Population Dependent on the Watercourse|237
4|9.1.4 Effects of Uses on Other Watercourse States|240
4|9.1.5 Existing and Potential Uses|242
4|9.1.6 Conservation, Protection, Development, Economy, Costs of Measures|254
4|9.1.7 Availability of Alternatives|259
3|9.2 Overall Assessment and Conclusion|265
3|References|269
1|Part III: Summary and Outlook|273
2|Chapter 10: Toward a Legal and Institutional Framework for Cooperation Along the Nile|274
1|Annex 1: Agreement Between the Republic of the Sudan and the United Arab Republic for the Full Utilization of the Nile Waters....|285
1|Annex 2: Agreement on the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework|292
2|2.1 Signature and Ratification|292
2|2.2 Text of the Agreement|292
1|Index|310