File #2856: "2020_Book_EUInternetLawInTheDigitalEra.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|5
1|Contents|16
1|Contributors|18
1|Part I: Copyright Law and the Internet|20
2|Chapter 1: Copyright Law and Internet Intermediaries Liability|21
3|1 Introduction|21
3|2 Art. 13 (Now 17) DSM—Proposal: To Filter Uploads or Not?|22
4|2.1 Commission Proposal|23
4|2.2 COREPER|23
4|2.3 The Battle in the EP and the Final Vote|25
5|2.3.1 The Definition of “Online Content Sharing Service Provider”|26
5|2.3.2 Art. 13 (17): The Complex Triangle of Rightholders, Providers, and Users|27
4|2.4 The Final Compromise of the “Trilogue”: The New Art. 17|30
4|2.5 The Extension of the Right to Make Available to the Public by the CJEU|36
5|2.5.1 Development of Case Law|36
5|2.5.2 Consequences for Platforms and Art. 13 DSM-Package and Search Engines|37
3|3 Access Providers, WiFis, and Injunctions|38
4|3.1 European Setting|38
4|3.2 Legal Reform in Germany|39
3|4 Conclusion|40
3|References|42
2|Chapter 2: Who Is a Lawful User in European Copyright Law? From a Variable Geometry to a Taxonomy of Lawful Use|44
3|1 Introduction|45
3|2 The Emergence of the Concepts of the “Lawful User” and “Lawful Use” in European Copyright Legislation|46
4|2.1 The Introduction of the Concept in the Software and the Database Directive|46
4|2.2 “Lawful Use” in the Temporary Copy Exception Established by the Information Society Directive|49
4|2.3 The Various Shades of Lawfulness in EU Copyright Law: “Lawful Use” and “Lawful Access” in the Digital Single Market Copyright Package|52
3|3 Who Is a Lawful User?|55
4|3.1 The Controversy Surrounding the Concept of “Lawful User”|56
4|3.2 Flexibility as a Necessary Component of “Lawful Use”|58
4|3.3 Responsibility as an Implicit Standard of “Lawful Use” in CJEU Case Law|61
3|4 Towards a Taxonomy of “Lawful Use” in European Copyright Law|67
3|5 Conclusion|74
3|References|75
2|Chapter 3: Linking and Copyright: Easier at Last? First National Applications of the CJEU GS Media Judgment|78
3|1 The Right of Communication to the Public|78
4|1.1 Requirements and Criteria Under Art. 3.1 of the InfoSoc Directive|80
3|2 Communication to the Public and Linking|83
4|2.1 Svensson and Others, C 466/12|83
4|2.2 BestWater, C 348/13|85
4|2.3 GS Media, C 160/15|86
3|3 Linking after GS Media, C 160/15, Before National Courts|90
4|3.1 Sweden|90
4|3.2 Germany|90
3|4 Conclusion: Clarity Still Needed|93
3|References|94
2|Chapter 4: Forcing Flexibility with Fundamental Rights: Questioning the Dominance of Exclusive Rights|96
3|1 Introduction|97
3|2 Fundamental Rights in EU Copyright: So Far|98
3|3 Fundamental Rights Out of the Box|101
4|3.1 Three German References|102
4|3.2 Discretion for Implementation|105
4|3.3 Arguing Inside the Rules|106
5|3.3.1 Extending the Scope of E&L|107
5|3.3.2 Setting Limits to the Scope of Exclusive Rights|108
4|3.4 Arguing Outside the Rules|108
5|3.4.1 The Scope of Exclusive Rights|109
5|3.4.2 Permitting Expression and Information: And (Too?) Much More|110
3|4 Conclusion|112
3|References|113
2|Chapter 5: Copyright and the Press Publishers Right on the Internet: Evolutions and Perspectives|116
3|1 Introduction|117
3|2 The Rationale Behind the New Publishers’ Right and Its Key Features|120
4|2.1 The Legal and Economic Background|120
4|2.2 National Level Measures: The Examples of Germany and Spain|121
5|2.2.1 Germany: An Adventurous Legal Story and its End|122
5|2.2.2 Spain: Following the Path of Limitations|125
4|2.3 Article 11: Definitions, Subject-Matter and Scope of Application|128
3|3 The Problematic and Controversial Debate on the New Press Publishers’ Right|134
4|3.1 Two Sides of the Same Arguments|134
4|3.2 Missing Causality and Burden of Proof|136
4|3.3 Diminishing or Maximizing Uncertainties?|139
4|3.4 The Pie Theory and the Impact on Authors’ Shares|143
3|4 The Alternative(s) Proposed Against the Press Publishers’ Right|144
3|5 Conclusions|147
3|References|150
2|Chapter 6: Author’s Right to Choose: Right of Divulgation in the Online Digital Single Market of the EU|154
3|1 Introduction|154
3|2 Dualistic and Monistic Approaches in Regulation of Copyright|159
4|2.1 Dualistic Approach|161
4|2.2 Monistic Approach|164
3|3 Communication to the Public: Contours of a Harmonised Economic Right|166
3|4 Redundancy: Connecting Points of Both Rights|170
3|5 Conclusion|172
3|References|174
2|Chapter 7: “Digital” Exhaustion and the EU (Digital) Single Market|178
3|1 Introduction|179
3|2 Copyright Exhaustion and Cross-Border Trade|180
3|3 Role of Exhaustion in the EU Acquis and the Internal Market|182
4|3.1 Exclusive Rights Versus the Internal Market|183
4|3.2 Exhaustion Under the EU Directives|184
3|4 Extending Exhaustion to the Digital Environment|186
4|4.1 Copyright Perspective|186
4|4.2 The Internal Market and the Digital Single Market Perspective|190
3|5 Reference in Tom Kabinet and Future of the Digital Single Market|192
3|6 Conclusions|193
3|References|194
1|Part II: Emerging Technologies and New Digital Challenges|198
2|Chapter 8: Spoilers Under European Internet Law|199
3|1 Introduction|199
3|2 Legal Aspects of the “Relative Spoiler”: The Impossible Protection|200
4|2.1 Theoretical Background on Information from a Civil Law Aspect|201
4|2.2 The “Relative Spoiler” Protected by Freedom of Expression|202
4|2.3 The Controversial Use of Contract Law as a Censorship Tool|203
3|3 Legal Aspects of the “Absolute Spoiler”: A Case of Information Theft|205
4|3.1 Information Protection in the Digital Age|205
4|3.2 Trade Secrets Directive and Civil Liability|207
3|4 Spoilers and Copyright Law|209
4|4.1 Moral Rights of the Author and Enjoyment of the Work|209
4|4.2 The Right of Reproduction and a Detailed Summary of the Work|211
3|5 Conclusion|212
3|References|213
2|Chapter 9: Data Ownership in the Data Economy: A European Dilemma|215
3|1 Introduction|216
3|2 The European Commission’s Strategy on Data|217
4|2.1 How the Data Value Chain Is Working?|218
4|2.2 The Debate on Data Ownership|220
3|3 The EU Acquis on Data Ownership|221
4|3.1 Intellectual Property Laws and Data|221
5|3.1.1 Copyright in Data|222
5|3.1.2 Sui Generis Database Right|223
5|3.1.3 New Emerging Copyright Trends|225
4|3.2 Other Data-Related Rights|226
5|3.2.1 Trade Secrets|226
5|3.2.2 Controllership Schemes Derived from Data Protection Law|228
5|3.2.3 Traditional Property Rights|229
5|3.2.4 Unfair Competition Laws|230
5|3.2.5 Factual Access Limitation and Contracts|230
5|3.2.6 Conclusion|232
3|4 The New Proposed Data Producer’s Right|232
4|4.1 Scope of the Right|233
4|4.2 Right Allocation|234
3|5 Possible Negative Effects of Data Producer’s Right|235
4|5.1 Excessive Protection and Overlap with Existing Intellectual Property Rights|235
4|5.2 Legal Uncertainty, Data Fragmentation, and No Flexibility|237
3|6 Conclusion|238
3|References|240
2|Chapter 10: Net Neutrality: Chances and Challenges in the Information Age|242
3|1 Introduction|242
3|2 Definition of Net Neutrality|243
3|3 The Rationale for Net Neutrality|245
3|4 Regulatory Models|246
4|4.1 USA|246
4|4.2 EU|247
3|5 Conclusion|252
3|References|253
2|Chapter 11: Cybersecurity Legislation: Latest Evolutions in the EU and Their Implementation in the Greek Legal System|254
3|1 Cybersecurity Definition|254
3|2 EU Interest in Cybersecurity|255
3|3 Cyber-Threats|255
4|3.1 Denial of Services|256
4|3.2 Data Theft|256
4|3.3 Ransomware|257
4|3.4 Hacktivism|257
4|3.5 Financial Costs|257
4|3.6 The “Lecpetex” Case|259
3|4 Cybersecurity Legislation|259
4|4.1 Convention on Cybercrime: ETS No 185|259
4|4.2 EU Cybersecurity Legislation Timeline|261
3|5 EU Key Players|265
4|5.1 ENISA: European Union Agency for Network and Information Security|265
4|5.2 European Cybercrime Centre (EC3)|266
4|5.3 Global Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Online|266
3|6 The Greek Cybersecurity Framework and Key Players|267
4|6.1 Legislation on Cybercrime|267
4|6.2 Legislation on Cybersecurity|268
4|6.3 Key National Players in Combatting Cybercrime|269
3|7 GDPR & Cybersecurity|270
3|8 Insurance Coverage for Cybercrime or Personal Data Breach|271
3|9 Certifications|272
4|9.1 Certification: Business Opportunities|272
4|9.2 Certifications for Organizations & Businesses|272
4|9.3 Certifications for Professionals|273
3|10 Conclusion|273
3|References|273
2|Chapter 12: The Role of Human Dignity in Processing (Health) Data Building on the Organ Trade Prohibition|275
3|1 Introduction|275
3|2 Need for a Change in Application of Data Protection Law|277
3|3 Data Protection in General: Data Subject Responsible|278
3|4 Body Parts and Data|281
3|5 Towards an Alternative Data Protection Approach|283
4|5.1 Explicit Consent for Processing of Health Data|284
4|5.2 Paternalism and Health Data|285
4|5.3 Dignity|286
3|6 Conclusion|287
3|References|287
2|Chapter 13: Trusted Computing Initiative on the Spectrum of EU Cyber-Security Legal Framework|290
3|1 Introduction|290
3|2 The TC Technology Under the NIS Directive|295
4|2.1 Memory Curtaining|298
4|2.2 Secure I/O|298
4|2.3 Sealed Storage|299
4|2.4 Remote Attestation|299
3|3 Privileged Access Management|299
3|4 Standards, Policy, and Regulation|301
3|5 Essential Operators Identification|303
3|6 Security Requirements and Incident Notification|304
3|7 Consistent Mandatory Information Sharing Between National Authorities of Member States|305
3|8 Conclusions|305
3|References|306
1|Part III: E-commerce and Online Consumer Protection|310
2|Chapter 14: Adopting a Smart Approach to EU Legislation: Why Has It Proven So Difficult to Introduce a Directive on Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content?|311
3|1 Introduction|312
3|2 What Are Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content and Why Is Legal Intervention Needed?|313
3|3 The 2015 Initiative: A Step Forward?|315
3|4 Legislating on New Technology: Lessons To Be Learnt|318
4|4.1 Beware of the Company You Keep: The Impact of the (Online) Sale of Goods Directive|319
4|4.2 How Innovative Do You Want To Be? The Problem of Engaging with New Technology|321
4|4.3 Consumer Protection and Maximum Harmonisation: A Match Made in Heaven?|323
4|4.4 Time Limits: To Have or Have Not?|326
3|5 An Agreed Package: An Easter Surprise|328
3|6 Conclusion|329
3|References|331
2|Chapter 15: Consumer Protection on Social Media Platforms: Tackling the Challenges of Social Commerce|333
3|1 Introduction|333
3|2 Social Commerce|335
4|2.1 Buy and Sell Features on Social Media Platforms|335
4|2.2 Marketing Products on Social Media Platforms|339
3|3 Social Media Scams|341
3|4 Solutions to Improve Consumer Protection in Social Commerce|342
4|4.1 Self-regulation of Social Media Platforms|346
4|4.2 Regulation of Liability of Social Media Platforms|347
4|4.3 Bolstering Enforcement|351
5|4.3.1 Accurately Recording Consumer Problems to Help Target Responses|351
5|4.3.2 Cooperation of Social Media Platforms with Enforcers|352
4|4.4 International Enforcement Efforts|353
3|5 Conclusion|354
3|References|355
2|Chapter 16: The 2018 New Deal on Better Enforcement and Modernisation of EU Consumer Law: An Actually Good Digital Deal?|358
3|1 Introduction: An Amending Proposal Rather Than a Brand New Legislative Initiative|358
3|2 Background: How Did We Get Here?|361
4|2.1 The REFIT and the CRD Evaluation|361
4|2.2 The Dieselgate Scandal|362
4|2.3 Announcement of the New Deal|363
3|3 Inserted Consumer Protection Rules: Improving or Not the Substance of EU Consumer Law?|363
4|3.1 Introducing a Right to Individual Redress for Unfair Commercial Practices: The Greatest Change of All?|364
4|3.2 Amending the Right of Withdrawal: Watering Down Protection?|366
5|3.2.1 Goods Handled More Than Necessary|366
5|3.2.2 Timing of Reimbursement|369
4|3.3 Transparency of Online Platforms: A Step in the Right Direction?|369
4|3.4 Digitalising the Scope of the CRD to Include Services: Are These Changes Enough?|372
3|4 Conclusion: A Good or a Bad Digital Deal?|374
3|References|376
2|Chapter 17: Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) & Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) for EU Consumers: Τhe European and Cypriot Framework|377
3|1 Introduction|377
3|2 Mediation as an ADR Method: A Short Presentation|379
3|3 Legislative Framework of ADR and ODR in Cyprus|383
4|3.1 Mediation in Cyprus|383
4|3.2 Arbitration in Cyprus|388
3|4 Online Dispute Resolution: An Evolution in ADR|390
3|5 Alternative Dispute Resolution of Consumer Disputes: ODR for EU Consumers—The ODR Platform—Settling Consumer Disputes Online|391
4|5.1 European Legislative Framework|394
5|5.1.1 EU Directive 2013/11/EE|394
5|5.1.2 EU Regulation 524/2013|396
4|5.2 ODR for Consumers in Cyprus|397
4|5.3 ODR for Consumers in Greece|398
3|6 Conclusion|400
3|References|401
1|Contents|16
1|Contributors|18
1|Part I: Copyright Law and the Internet|20
2|Chapter 1: Copyright Law and Internet Intermediaries Liability|21
3|1 Introduction|21
3|2 Art. 13 (Now 17) DSM—Proposal: To Filter Uploads or Not?|22
4|2.1 Commission Proposal|23
4|2.2 COREPER|23
4|2.3 The Battle in the EP and the Final Vote|25
5|2.3.1 The Definition of “Online Content Sharing Service Provider”|26
5|2.3.2 Art. 13 (17): The Complex Triangle of Rightholders, Providers, and Users|27
4|2.4 The Final Compromise of the “Trilogue”: The New Art. 17|30
4|2.5 The Extension of the Right to Make Available to the Public by the CJEU|36
5|2.5.1 Development of Case Law|36
5|2.5.2 Consequences for Platforms and Art. 13 DSM-Package and Search Engines|37
3|3 Access Providers, WiFis, and Injunctions|38
4|3.1 European Setting|38
4|3.2 Legal Reform in Germany|39
3|4 Conclusion|40
3|References|42
2|Chapter 2: Who Is a Lawful User in European Copyright Law? From a Variable Geometry to a Taxonomy of Lawful Use|44
3|1 Introduction|45
3|2 The Emergence of the Concepts of the “Lawful User” and “Lawful Use” in European Copyright Legislation|46
4|2.1 The Introduction of the Concept in the Software and the Database Directive|46
4|2.2 “Lawful Use” in the Temporary Copy Exception Established by the Information Society Directive|49
4|2.3 The Various Shades of Lawfulness in EU Copyright Law: “Lawful Use” and “Lawful Access” in the Digital Single Market Copyright Package|52
3|3 Who Is a Lawful User?|55
4|3.1 The Controversy Surrounding the Concept of “Lawful User”|56
4|3.2 Flexibility as a Necessary Component of “Lawful Use”|58
4|3.3 Responsibility as an Implicit Standard of “Lawful Use” in CJEU Case Law|61
3|4 Towards a Taxonomy of “Lawful Use” in European Copyright Law|67
3|5 Conclusion|74
3|References|75
2|Chapter 3: Linking and Copyright: Easier at Last? First National Applications of the CJEU GS Media Judgment|78
3|1 The Right of Communication to the Public|78
4|1.1 Requirements and Criteria Under Art. 3.1 of the InfoSoc Directive|80
3|2 Communication to the Public and Linking|83
4|2.1 Svensson and Others, C 466/12|83
4|2.2 BestWater, C 348/13|85
4|2.3 GS Media, C 160/15|86
3|3 Linking after GS Media, C 160/15, Before National Courts|90
4|3.1 Sweden|90
4|3.2 Germany|90
3|4 Conclusion: Clarity Still Needed|93
3|References|94
2|Chapter 4: Forcing Flexibility with Fundamental Rights: Questioning the Dominance of Exclusive Rights|96
3|1 Introduction|97
3|2 Fundamental Rights in EU Copyright: So Far|98
3|3 Fundamental Rights Out of the Box|101
4|3.1 Three German References|102
4|3.2 Discretion for Implementation|105
4|3.3 Arguing Inside the Rules|106
5|3.3.1 Extending the Scope of E&L|107
5|3.3.2 Setting Limits to the Scope of Exclusive Rights|108
4|3.4 Arguing Outside the Rules|108
5|3.4.1 The Scope of Exclusive Rights|109
5|3.4.2 Permitting Expression and Information: And (Too?) Much More|110
3|4 Conclusion|112
3|References|113
2|Chapter 5: Copyright and the Press Publishers Right on the Internet: Evolutions and Perspectives|116
3|1 Introduction|117
3|2 The Rationale Behind the New Publishers’ Right and Its Key Features|120
4|2.1 The Legal and Economic Background|120
4|2.2 National Level Measures: The Examples of Germany and Spain|121
5|2.2.1 Germany: An Adventurous Legal Story and its End|122
5|2.2.2 Spain: Following the Path of Limitations|125
4|2.3 Article 11: Definitions, Subject-Matter and Scope of Application|128
3|3 The Problematic and Controversial Debate on the New Press Publishers’ Right|134
4|3.1 Two Sides of the Same Arguments|134
4|3.2 Missing Causality and Burden of Proof|136
4|3.3 Diminishing or Maximizing Uncertainties?|139
4|3.4 The Pie Theory and the Impact on Authors’ Shares|143
3|4 The Alternative(s) Proposed Against the Press Publishers’ Right|144
3|5 Conclusions|147
3|References|150
2|Chapter 6: Author’s Right to Choose: Right of Divulgation in the Online Digital Single Market of the EU|154
3|1 Introduction|154
3|2 Dualistic and Monistic Approaches in Regulation of Copyright|159
4|2.1 Dualistic Approach|161
4|2.2 Monistic Approach|164
3|3 Communication to the Public: Contours of a Harmonised Economic Right|166
3|4 Redundancy: Connecting Points of Both Rights|170
3|5 Conclusion|172
3|References|174
2|Chapter 7: “Digital” Exhaustion and the EU (Digital) Single Market|178
3|1 Introduction|179
3|2 Copyright Exhaustion and Cross-Border Trade|180
3|3 Role of Exhaustion in the EU Acquis and the Internal Market|182
4|3.1 Exclusive Rights Versus the Internal Market|183
4|3.2 Exhaustion Under the EU Directives|184
3|4 Extending Exhaustion to the Digital Environment|186
4|4.1 Copyright Perspective|186
4|4.2 The Internal Market and the Digital Single Market Perspective|190
3|5 Reference in Tom Kabinet and Future of the Digital Single Market|192
3|6 Conclusions|193
3|References|194
1|Part II: Emerging Technologies and New Digital Challenges|198
2|Chapter 8: Spoilers Under European Internet Law|199
3|1 Introduction|199
3|2 Legal Aspects of the “Relative Spoiler”: The Impossible Protection|200
4|2.1 Theoretical Background on Information from a Civil Law Aspect|201
4|2.2 The “Relative Spoiler” Protected by Freedom of Expression|202
4|2.3 The Controversial Use of Contract Law as a Censorship Tool|203
3|3 Legal Aspects of the “Absolute Spoiler”: A Case of Information Theft|205
4|3.1 Information Protection in the Digital Age|205
4|3.2 Trade Secrets Directive and Civil Liability|207
3|4 Spoilers and Copyright Law|209
4|4.1 Moral Rights of the Author and Enjoyment of the Work|209
4|4.2 The Right of Reproduction and a Detailed Summary of the Work|211
3|5 Conclusion|212
3|References|213
2|Chapter 9: Data Ownership in the Data Economy: A European Dilemma|215
3|1 Introduction|216
3|2 The European Commission’s Strategy on Data|217
4|2.1 How the Data Value Chain Is Working?|218
4|2.2 The Debate on Data Ownership|220
3|3 The EU Acquis on Data Ownership|221
4|3.1 Intellectual Property Laws and Data|221
5|3.1.1 Copyright in Data|222
5|3.1.2 Sui Generis Database Right|223
5|3.1.3 New Emerging Copyright Trends|225
4|3.2 Other Data-Related Rights|226
5|3.2.1 Trade Secrets|226
5|3.2.2 Controllership Schemes Derived from Data Protection Law|228
5|3.2.3 Traditional Property Rights|229
5|3.2.4 Unfair Competition Laws|230
5|3.2.5 Factual Access Limitation and Contracts|230
5|3.2.6 Conclusion|232
3|4 The New Proposed Data Producer’s Right|232
4|4.1 Scope of the Right|233
4|4.2 Right Allocation|234
3|5 Possible Negative Effects of Data Producer’s Right|235
4|5.1 Excessive Protection and Overlap with Existing Intellectual Property Rights|235
4|5.2 Legal Uncertainty, Data Fragmentation, and No Flexibility|237
3|6 Conclusion|238
3|References|240
2|Chapter 10: Net Neutrality: Chances and Challenges in the Information Age|242
3|1 Introduction|242
3|2 Definition of Net Neutrality|243
3|3 The Rationale for Net Neutrality|245
3|4 Regulatory Models|246
4|4.1 USA|246
4|4.2 EU|247
3|5 Conclusion|252
3|References|253
2|Chapter 11: Cybersecurity Legislation: Latest Evolutions in the EU and Their Implementation in the Greek Legal System|254
3|1 Cybersecurity Definition|254
3|2 EU Interest in Cybersecurity|255
3|3 Cyber-Threats|255
4|3.1 Denial of Services|256
4|3.2 Data Theft|256
4|3.3 Ransomware|257
4|3.4 Hacktivism|257
4|3.5 Financial Costs|257
4|3.6 The “Lecpetex” Case|259
3|4 Cybersecurity Legislation|259
4|4.1 Convention on Cybercrime: ETS No 185|259
4|4.2 EU Cybersecurity Legislation Timeline|261
3|5 EU Key Players|265
4|5.1 ENISA: European Union Agency for Network and Information Security|265
4|5.2 European Cybercrime Centre (EC3)|266
4|5.3 Global Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Online|266
3|6 The Greek Cybersecurity Framework and Key Players|267
4|6.1 Legislation on Cybercrime|267
4|6.2 Legislation on Cybersecurity|268
4|6.3 Key National Players in Combatting Cybercrime|269
3|7 GDPR & Cybersecurity|270
3|8 Insurance Coverage for Cybercrime or Personal Data Breach|271
3|9 Certifications|272
4|9.1 Certification: Business Opportunities|272
4|9.2 Certifications for Organizations & Businesses|272
4|9.3 Certifications for Professionals|273
3|10 Conclusion|273
3|References|273
2|Chapter 12: The Role of Human Dignity in Processing (Health) Data Building on the Organ Trade Prohibition|275
3|1 Introduction|275
3|2 Need for a Change in Application of Data Protection Law|277
3|3 Data Protection in General: Data Subject Responsible|278
3|4 Body Parts and Data|281
3|5 Towards an Alternative Data Protection Approach|283
4|5.1 Explicit Consent for Processing of Health Data|284
4|5.2 Paternalism and Health Data|285
4|5.3 Dignity|286
3|6 Conclusion|287
3|References|287
2|Chapter 13: Trusted Computing Initiative on the Spectrum of EU Cyber-Security Legal Framework|290
3|1 Introduction|290
3|2 The TC Technology Under the NIS Directive|295
4|2.1 Memory Curtaining|298
4|2.2 Secure I/O|298
4|2.3 Sealed Storage|299
4|2.4 Remote Attestation|299
3|3 Privileged Access Management|299
3|4 Standards, Policy, and Regulation|301
3|5 Essential Operators Identification|303
3|6 Security Requirements and Incident Notification|304
3|7 Consistent Mandatory Information Sharing Between National Authorities of Member States|305
3|8 Conclusions|305
3|References|306
1|Part III: E-commerce and Online Consumer Protection|310
2|Chapter 14: Adopting a Smart Approach to EU Legislation: Why Has It Proven So Difficult to Introduce a Directive on Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content?|311
3|1 Introduction|312
3|2 What Are Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content and Why Is Legal Intervention Needed?|313
3|3 The 2015 Initiative: A Step Forward?|315
3|4 Legislating on New Technology: Lessons To Be Learnt|318
4|4.1 Beware of the Company You Keep: The Impact of the (Online) Sale of Goods Directive|319
4|4.2 How Innovative Do You Want To Be? The Problem of Engaging with New Technology|321
4|4.3 Consumer Protection and Maximum Harmonisation: A Match Made in Heaven?|323
4|4.4 Time Limits: To Have or Have Not?|326
3|5 An Agreed Package: An Easter Surprise|328
3|6 Conclusion|329
3|References|331
2|Chapter 15: Consumer Protection on Social Media Platforms: Tackling the Challenges of Social Commerce|333
3|1 Introduction|333
3|2 Social Commerce|335
4|2.1 Buy and Sell Features on Social Media Platforms|335
4|2.2 Marketing Products on Social Media Platforms|339
3|3 Social Media Scams|341
3|4 Solutions to Improve Consumer Protection in Social Commerce|342
4|4.1 Self-regulation of Social Media Platforms|346
4|4.2 Regulation of Liability of Social Media Platforms|347
4|4.3 Bolstering Enforcement|351
5|4.3.1 Accurately Recording Consumer Problems to Help Target Responses|351
5|4.3.2 Cooperation of Social Media Platforms with Enforcers|352
4|4.4 International Enforcement Efforts|353
3|5 Conclusion|354
3|References|355
2|Chapter 16: The 2018 New Deal on Better Enforcement and Modernisation of EU Consumer Law: An Actually Good Digital Deal?|358
3|1 Introduction: An Amending Proposal Rather Than a Brand New Legislative Initiative|358
3|2 Background: How Did We Get Here?|361
4|2.1 The REFIT and the CRD Evaluation|361
4|2.2 The Dieselgate Scandal|362
4|2.3 Announcement of the New Deal|363
3|3 Inserted Consumer Protection Rules: Improving or Not the Substance of EU Consumer Law?|363
4|3.1 Introducing a Right to Individual Redress for Unfair Commercial Practices: The Greatest Change of All?|364
4|3.2 Amending the Right of Withdrawal: Watering Down Protection?|366
5|3.2.1 Goods Handled More Than Necessary|366
5|3.2.2 Timing of Reimbursement|369
4|3.3 Transparency of Online Platforms: A Step in the Right Direction?|369
4|3.4 Digitalising the Scope of the CRD to Include Services: Are These Changes Enough?|372
3|4 Conclusion: A Good or a Bad Digital Deal?|374
3|References|376
2|Chapter 17: Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) & Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) for EU Consumers: Τhe European and Cypriot Framework|377
3|1 Introduction|377
3|2 Mediation as an ADR Method: A Short Presentation|379
3|3 Legislative Framework of ADR and ODR in Cyprus|383
4|3.1 Mediation in Cyprus|383
4|3.2 Arbitration in Cyprus|388
3|4 Online Dispute Resolution: An Evolution in ADR|390
3|5 Alternative Dispute Resolution of Consumer Disputes: ODR for EU Consumers—The ODR Platform—Settling Consumer Disputes Online|391
4|5.1 European Legislative Framework|394
5|5.1.1 EU Directive 2013/11/EE|394
5|5.1.2 EU Regulation 524/2013|396
4|5.2 ODR for Consumers in Cyprus|397
4|5.3 ODR for Consumers in Greece|398
3|6 Conclusion|400
3|References|401