File #2857: "2020_Book_GlobalChallengesAndTheLawOfThe.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|5
1|Preface|9
1|Contents|11
1|About the Editors|14
1|Abbreviations|15
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|22
1|Part I: The Role of the International Organizations in the Implementation and Development of the Law of the Sea|27
2|Chapter 2: Implementation of the Rules of the UNCLOS Through Universal and Regional Organizations|28
3|1 Introduction|28
3|2 CMFS and the PPME Under the UNCLOS in International Courts and Tribunals|30
3|3 International Cooperation in Matters Concerning CMFS|33
4|3.1 Development of Universal Organizations and Arrangements Since the Adoption of the UNCLOS|33
5|3.1.1 Universal Arrangements for the Development of Substantive Rules|33
5|3.1.2 Activities of Universal Organizations for the Elimination of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing|34
4|3.2 RFMOs Constituted by Coastal States and Fishing States|36
5|3.2.1 RFMOs Before the Adoption of the UNCLOS|36
5|3.2.2 Development Since the Adoption of the UNCLOS|37
5|3.2.3 Common Features of Current RFMOs|38
4|3.3 RFMOs and RFMAs Established by States in a Specific Geographical Region|40
5|3.3.1 Africa|40
5|3.3.2 Asia|40
5|3.3.3 Europe|41
5|3.3.4 Latin America|42
5|3.3.5 North Pacific|43
5|3.3.6 South Pacific|43
5|3.3.7 Features of the RFMOs and RFMAs Established by States in a Specific Geographical Region|43
3|4 Regional Arrangements for the Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment (PPME)|44
4|4.1 The UNCLOS and the PPME|44
4|4.2 The Establishment of Regional Organization or Arrangements Initiated by the UN and United Nations Environment Programme (U...|45
4|4.3 Features of RECs|46
5|4.3.1 Africa|46
5|4.3.2 Asia|47
5|4.3.3 Caspian Sea|48
5|4.3.4 Europe|48
5|4.3.5 Latin America|50
5|4.3.6 Middle East|50
5|4.3.7 South Pacific|51
5|4.3.8 Features of RECs|52
3|5 Concluding Remarks: Toward Better Governance of the Marine Environment as a Whole|53
3|References|54
3|Cases|54
2|Chapter 3: International Organizations and the Protection of the Marine Environment|55
3|1 Introduction|55
3|2 The Institutional Framework for Marine Environmental Governance|56
4|2.1 The UNCLOS Regime|56
4|2.2 The United Nations `Family´ Organizations|58
4|2.3 Beyond UNCLOS and the UN `Family´|63
3|3 The Fragmentation Quagmire: Institutional Interactions, Coordination and Cooperation|67
3|4 Shaping the Law of the Sea: Some Final Observations and Insights|71
3|5 Conclusion|72
3|References|73
3|Documents|75
2|Chapter 4: The Arctic Ocean: Are We Ready to Govern a New Ocean?|77
3|1 Introduction|77
3|2 Climate Change and Changing Law for the Arctic Ocean|79
4|2.1 Climate Change|79
4|2.2 The Law as It Is Today: Article 234 UNCLOS|79
4|2.3 Increasing Need for Regulation Beyond the Law of the Sea Convention|82
4|2.4 Who Regulates Activities Within the Arctic?|84
3|3 The Arctic Council´s Marine Stewardship|86
3|4 Regulation of the Arctic Waters: Looking to the Future|91
3|References|93
3|Documents|96
2|Chapter 5: Regional Fisheries Management Organizations|99
3|1 Introduction|100
3|2 History|100
3|3 Types, Distinctions, Functions and Qualification|103
4|3.1 Introduction|103
4|3.2 Types and Key Distinctions|104
4|3.3 Key Functions|107
4|3.4 Qualifying as an RFMO or an RFMA|107
5|3.4.1 Introduction|107
5|3.4.2 JNRFC|108
5|3.4.3 The CAOF Agreement|109
5|3.4.4 CCAMLR|110
5|3.4.5 A Role-Oriented Approach to RFMO/As|114
3|4 Dealing with Free Riders|116
3|5 Safeguarding the Founding Fathers´ Interests|121
3|6 Conclusions|125
3|References|126
2|Chapter 6: Considerations on Some Global Institutional Challenges Within the Context of the Conservation and Management of Mar...|128
3|1 Introduction|129
3|2 Governance: Some Specific Issues (and Challenges)|129
3|3 Conclusive Remarks|136
3|References|136
2|Chapter 7: Market-Based Measures Against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in Indonesian Waters|138
3|1 Introduction|139
3|2 Economic Drivers of IUU Fishing in Indonesia|142
3|3 Possible Market-Based Measures to Deter IUU Fishing in Indonesia|145
4|3.1 Identification of IUU Fishing Vessels|147
4|3.2 Catch Certification and Documentation Schemes|150
4|3.3 Identification of Non-Complying State|153
3|4 Conclusive Remarks|155
3|References|156
3|Documents|157
2|Chapter 8: Sea-Level Rise in Relation to International Law: A New Topic for the United Nations International Law Commission|161
3|1 Introduction|161
3|2 The ``Sea-Level Rise in Relation to International Law´´ Proposal at the International Law Commission|163
3|3 Consideration of the Topic by Other Bodies: The International Law Association Committee on International Law and Sea Level R...|164
3|4 The International Law Commission Proposal: Scope of the Topic and Questions to be Addressed|167
4|4.1 Law of the Sea Issues|167
4|4.2 Statehood Issues|168
4|4.3 Issues Related to the Protection of Persons Affected by Sea-Level Rise|169
3|5 The Proposed Method of Work of the International Law Commission on This Topic|169
3|6 The Topic Satisfies the International Law Commission Requirements for Selection of a New Topic|170
3|7 Conclusion|171
3|References|172
3|Documents|173
2|Chapter 9: The Impact of UN Sanctions on Commercial Shipping Activities|174
3|1 Introduction|174
3|2 The UN Security Council and Its Power to Impose Economic Sanctions|175
3|3 UN Sanctions Strategies in the Maritime Sector|177
4|3.1 The Development of Smart Sanctions|177
4|3.2 Maritime Sanctions: Iran and North Korea|178
4|3.3 Blacklists of Maritime Entities and Vessels|179
4|3.4 Prohibitions on Vessel Registration, Bunkering, and Insurance|180
4|3.5 Prohibitions on Importing and Exporting Designated Cargo|181
4|3.6 Authorization for Cargo Inspections and Maritime Interdiction|182
3|4 Adapting to UN Maritime Sanctions: Shipping Industry Implications|184
3|5 Conclusion|187
3|References|188
3|Cases|189
3|Online Publications|189
3|Other|190
2|Chapter 10: Security Council´s Contribution to the Evolution of the Law of the Sea: Avant Garde or Self-Limitation?|191
3|1 Introduction|192
3|2 The Council´s Influence on the Evolution of State Practice at Sea|194
4|2.1 Resolutions Supporting the Implementation of the Law of the Sea|194
4|2.2 Resolutions Granting Derogations to the Law of the Sea|195
5|2.2.1 Exceptional Authorization to Enter the Territorial Sea|195
5|2.2.2 Frequent Derogations to the Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Flag State on the High Seas|196
3|3 The Council´s Self-Limitation of Its Influence on the Law of the Sea|199
4|3.1 The Systematicity of the Exclusion Clauses|199
4|3.2 Legal Effects of the Exclusion Clauses|200
3|4 Conclusion|202
3|References|202
3|Documents|203
2|Chapter 11: The Challenges of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf|205
3|1 Introduction|206
3|2 Defining the Continental Shelf|206
3|3 Article 76 and the Outer Edge of the Continental Margin|209
3|4 The Commission on Limits of the Continental Shelf|210
3|5 The Challenges of Commission on Limits of the Continental Shelf|212
3|6 Final Remarks|214
3|Elected Members of the CLCS (1997-2022)|214
3|References|216
3|Documents of the CLCS|216
2|Chapter 12: UN Food and Agriculture Organization: Exercising Legal Personality to Implement the UN Convention on the Law of th...|217
3|1 Introduction|217
3|2 FAO, International Legal Personality, and UNCLOS Implementation|218
3|3 FAO-Driven Initiatives That Have Helped to Accelerate the Implementation of UNCLOS|221
4|3.1 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries|221
4|3.2 Combatting IUU Fishing: Port State Measures Agreement|226
4|3.3 Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries|228
4|3.4 Flag State Performance|229
4|3.5 Network of Regional Fisheries Bodies|231
3|4 Conclusion|232
3|References|233
3|Documents|234
2|Chapter 13: Maritime Surveillance of the EU External Sea Borders: Extensive Approaches and Operational Challenges to the Princ...|235
3|1 Introduction|236
3|2 Flag State Jurisdiction and Migrant Smuggling Operations on the High Seas|237
3|3 The Right of Hot Pursuit in Irregular Migration Events at Sea|238
3|4 Frontex Joint Operations and Coastal State Jurisdiction|239
3|5 Interception Practices During Frontex Operations and Flag State Jurisdiction|242
3|6 Accountability and Responsibility During Frontex Joint Operations|244
3|7 Concluding Remarks|247
3|References|248
1|Part II: Superpowers, International Courts and the Law of the Sea: Challenges for the Global Oceans Regime|250
2|Chapter 14: Stakeholders in Dispute Settlement Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea|251
3|1 Introduction|251
3|2 Dynamics of Different Actors|253
4|2.1 State Actors|254
4|2.2 International Organisations|255
4|2.3 Non-State Actors|255
4|2.4 Judges|256
4|2.5 UNCLOS as an Actor|257
3|3 Stakeholder Identification Theory|257
3|4 Applied to the South China Sea Arbitration|260
4|4.1 Decision on Islands in the South China Sea Arbitration|261
4|4.2 Stakeholders in the Decision: China and the Philippines|262
4|4.3 Stakeholders in the Decision: Other State Parties|263
4|4.4 Stakeholders in the Decision: Non-State Parties|266
4|4.5 Stakeholders in the Decision: Non-State Actors|267
4|4.6 Applying Stakeholder Identification Theory|268
3|5 Lessons Learned|269
4|5.1 Limitations of Stakeholder Identification Theory in This Context|269
4|5.2 Potential of Stakeholder Identification Theory?|270
3|References|271
3|Documents|273
2|Chapter 15: The Legal Status of the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago in Light of Article 121 of UNCLOS and the South China ...|274
3|1 Introduction|275
3|2 Territorialism in the Law of the Sea: Controversial Brazilian Practice Regarding the EEZ|277
3|3 The Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo: Brazilian Jurisdictional Assertions|280
3|4 The View of the Arbitral Tribunal in the South China Sea Arbitration|283
4|4.1 Definition of ``Rock´´ in the Law of the Sea|285
4|4.2 The Requirement for Rocks to Sustain Human Habitation or Economic Life of Their Own: The Case of the ASPSP|288
3|5 Article 121 of UNCLOS, the SCS Arbitral Award and the Brazilian Case|290
3|6 Concluding Remarks|294
3|References|295
2|Chapter 16: Implementing the Law of the Sea: Russia and Arbitrations Under Annex VII to UNCLOS|297
3|1 Introduction|298
3|2 Russia´s Historical Participation in International Dispute Resolution|299
4|2.1 The International Court of Justice|299
5|2.1.1 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russia)|299
5|2.1.2 Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International C...|300
4|2.2 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea|302
4|2.3 Other Disputes|302
3|3 Issues of Jurisdiction in Arbitrations Under UNCLOS Annex VII|304
4|3.1 Issues of Jurisdiction in Arctic Sunrise|304
5|3.1.1 Declarations as a Ground of Exclusion|305
5|3.1.2 Another Possible Ground|306
5|3.1.3 Participation in Provisional Measures|306
4|3.2 Issues of Jurisdiction in Ukraine v. Russia|308
5|3.2.1 Declaration to UNCLOS|308
5|3.2.2 Dispute|310
5|3.2.3 Negotiation Between the Parties|311
3|4 Russia´s Compliance with the Law of the Sea|312
4|4.1 Compliance and the Arctic Sunrise Arbitration|313
5|4.1.1 Russia´s Compliance with the Order for Provisional Measures|313
5|4.1.2 Contextual Issues and International Perceptions of Russia´s Conduct|315
5|4.1.3 Russia´s Reaction to the Order for Compensation|317
4|4.2 Compliance and the Ukraine v. Russia Arbitration|317
5|4.2.1 Ukraine´s Arbitration Claim: Gas Extraction in the Black Sea|318
5|4.2.2 Recent Developments: Ceasing Breach in the Odessa Gas Field|319
5|4.2.3 The Context of Russia´s Conduct and Its External Causes|323
3|5 Conclusion|325
3|References|326
1|Part III: The Protection and Conservation of the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Where Do We Stand?|328
2|Chapter 17: The Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Ocean in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Where Do We Stand?|329
3|1 Introduction|329
3|2 The Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, Including Socioeconomic Aspe...|332
3|3 The Intergovernmental Conference on an International Legally Binding Instrument Under UNCLOS on the Conservation and Sustain...|333
3|4 Conservation and Sustainable Use of High Seas Fishing|334
4|4.1 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement|334
4|4.2 Sustainable Development Goals|336
3|5 Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Seabed|336
3|6 Conclusion|338
3|References|339
3|Documents|339
2|Chapter 18: Regulating the Common Heritage of Mankind: Challenges in Developing a Mining Code for the Area|341
3|1 Introduction|341
3|2 Current Environmental Management (Exploration Regime)|343
4|2.1 Environmental Regulations|343
4|2.2 Information Sharing|345
4|2.3 Institutional Capacity|346
4|2.4 Regional Environmental Management|348
4|2.5 Environmental Impact Assessment|349
3|3 Environmental Management Looking Ahead (Exploitation Regime)|352
4|3.1 Development of New Exploitation Regulations|352
4|3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment in the Exploitation Regulations|353
4|3.3 Other Potential Environmental Management Gaps|354
4|3.4 Standards and Guidelines|355
3|4 Concluding Remarks|356
3|References|356
2|Chapter 19: Three Structural Pillars of the Future International Legally Binding Instrument on the Conservation and Sustainabl...|358
3|1 Introduction|359
3|2 Relationship Between the ILBI and the Law of the Sea Convention|361
3|3 Relationship Between the Convention on Biological Diversity and the ILBI|367
3|4 Institutional Arrangements of the ILBI|373
4|4.1 Global Model|375
4|4.2 Regional/Sectoral Model|376
4|4.3 Hybrid Model|377
4|4.4 The Requirement of ``Not Undermine´´|378
3|5 Conclusion|379
3|References|380
3|Documents|382
2|Chapter 20: The European Union and the Future International Legally Binding Instrument on Marine Biodiversity Beyond National ...|386
3|1 Introduction: The European Union and the Law of the Sea|386
3|2 European Union´s Formal Participation in the Future International Legally Binding Instrument on Marine Biodiversity|389
4|2.1 The Tension Between Shared and Exclusive Competences of the European Union and Its Consequences in the Context of the Nego...|389
4|2.2 The Tension Between Shared and Exclusive Competences of the EU and Its Member States and Key Issues Regarding the Particip...|393
3|3 The European Union and the Substance of the Future International Legally Binding Instrument on Marine Biodiversity|397
4|3.1 The Balanced and Pragmatic Position of the European Union Regarding the Elements of the Package Deal|397
5|3.1.1 Marine Genetic Resources|398
5|3.1.2 Area-Based Management Tools|399
5|3.1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment|401
5|3.1.4 Transfer of Marine Technology and Capacity Building|401
4|3.2 Potential Consequences of the Future Instrument as Regards European Union´s Maritime Policy|402
3|4 Conclusion and Way Forward|405
3|References|405
2|Chapter 21: The EU and the UN Legally-Binding Instrument on the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction|407
3|1 Introduction|407
3|2 The EU and the UNCLOS and the Enhanced Status of the EU in the UNGA|410
3|3 The Legal Gaps in the UNCLOS|413
3|4 The Huge Dilemma Around the Table of the UN on the ABNJ´s Legal Framework: The Common Heritage of Mankind v. the Freedom of ...|416
3|5 The EU´s Pragmatic Position on the ABNJ: A Possible Third Way to Walk on?|419
3|6 Conclusive Remarks|425
3|References|426
3|Documents|428
2|Chapter 22: Solving the Potential Conflict: High Seas Marine Protected Areas and Sovereign Rights Over the Continental Shelf B...|429
3|1 Introduction|430
3|2 The Potential Conflict|432
4|2.1 Origins of the Conflict|432
5|2.1.1 The Legal Frameworks of the OCS and the HS|432
5|2.1.2 The Legal Framework of MPAs|433
6|The Legal Framework of MPAs in the OCS|434
6|The Legal Framework of MPAs in the HS|434
5|2.1.3 Existing Regional Initiatives for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of ABNJ|435
6|The Mediterranean Sea|435
6|The North East Atlantic|436
6|The Southern Ocean|437
6|The Sargasso Sea|437
5|2.1.4 Remaining Challenges/Gaps|438
3|3 What Is at Stake?|439
4|3.1 Evaluation of the Potential for Conflict|440
4|3.2 The Proposed Solution|441
5|3.2.1 Previously Proposed Solutions|441
5|3.2.2 Ex Post Opt-Out Mechanism|442
3|4 Conclusion|444
3|References|446
3|Documents|447
2|Chapter 23: North East Atlantic Marine Protected Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction. Geographical and Material Scope|449
3|1 Introduction|450
3|2 Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction|452
4|2.1 Sedentary Species in ABNJs|454
4|2.2 Recognition of the Area and Its Resources as Common Heritage of Mankind|456
4|2.3 Political Debate|458
4|2.4 North East Atlantic Seabed|459
3|3 Jurisdiction of States|460
4|3.1 Proximity Versus Adjacency|460
4|3.2 Claims Based on Proximity-Adjacency|461
4|3.3 National Jurisdiction in ABNJs|465
4|3.4 Contribution of International Organisations to Biodiversity in ABNJs|467
3|4 Final Considerations|468
3|References|470
3|Documents|473
1|Preface|9
1|Contents|11
1|About the Editors|14
1|Abbreviations|15
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|22
1|Part I: The Role of the International Organizations in the Implementation and Development of the Law of the Sea|27
2|Chapter 2: Implementation of the Rules of the UNCLOS Through Universal and Regional Organizations|28
3|1 Introduction|28
3|2 CMFS and the PPME Under the UNCLOS in International Courts and Tribunals|30
3|3 International Cooperation in Matters Concerning CMFS|33
4|3.1 Development of Universal Organizations and Arrangements Since the Adoption of the UNCLOS|33
5|3.1.1 Universal Arrangements for the Development of Substantive Rules|33
5|3.1.2 Activities of Universal Organizations for the Elimination of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing|34
4|3.2 RFMOs Constituted by Coastal States and Fishing States|36
5|3.2.1 RFMOs Before the Adoption of the UNCLOS|36
5|3.2.2 Development Since the Adoption of the UNCLOS|37
5|3.2.3 Common Features of Current RFMOs|38
4|3.3 RFMOs and RFMAs Established by States in a Specific Geographical Region|40
5|3.3.1 Africa|40
5|3.3.2 Asia|40
5|3.3.3 Europe|41
5|3.3.4 Latin America|42
5|3.3.5 North Pacific|43
5|3.3.6 South Pacific|43
5|3.3.7 Features of the RFMOs and RFMAs Established by States in a Specific Geographical Region|43
3|4 Regional Arrangements for the Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment (PPME)|44
4|4.1 The UNCLOS and the PPME|44
4|4.2 The Establishment of Regional Organization or Arrangements Initiated by the UN and United Nations Environment Programme (U...|45
4|4.3 Features of RECs|46
5|4.3.1 Africa|46
5|4.3.2 Asia|47
5|4.3.3 Caspian Sea|48
5|4.3.4 Europe|48
5|4.3.5 Latin America|50
5|4.3.6 Middle East|50
5|4.3.7 South Pacific|51
5|4.3.8 Features of RECs|52
3|5 Concluding Remarks: Toward Better Governance of the Marine Environment as a Whole|53
3|References|54
3|Cases|54
2|Chapter 3: International Organizations and the Protection of the Marine Environment|55
3|1 Introduction|55
3|2 The Institutional Framework for Marine Environmental Governance|56
4|2.1 The UNCLOS Regime|56
4|2.2 The United Nations `Family´ Organizations|58
4|2.3 Beyond UNCLOS and the UN `Family´|63
3|3 The Fragmentation Quagmire: Institutional Interactions, Coordination and Cooperation|67
3|4 Shaping the Law of the Sea: Some Final Observations and Insights|71
3|5 Conclusion|72
3|References|73
3|Documents|75
2|Chapter 4: The Arctic Ocean: Are We Ready to Govern a New Ocean?|77
3|1 Introduction|77
3|2 Climate Change and Changing Law for the Arctic Ocean|79
4|2.1 Climate Change|79
4|2.2 The Law as It Is Today: Article 234 UNCLOS|79
4|2.3 Increasing Need for Regulation Beyond the Law of the Sea Convention|82
4|2.4 Who Regulates Activities Within the Arctic?|84
3|3 The Arctic Council´s Marine Stewardship|86
3|4 Regulation of the Arctic Waters: Looking to the Future|91
3|References|93
3|Documents|96
2|Chapter 5: Regional Fisheries Management Organizations|99
3|1 Introduction|100
3|2 History|100
3|3 Types, Distinctions, Functions and Qualification|103
4|3.1 Introduction|103
4|3.2 Types and Key Distinctions|104
4|3.3 Key Functions|107
4|3.4 Qualifying as an RFMO or an RFMA|107
5|3.4.1 Introduction|107
5|3.4.2 JNRFC|108
5|3.4.3 The CAOF Agreement|109
5|3.4.4 CCAMLR|110
5|3.4.5 A Role-Oriented Approach to RFMO/As|114
3|4 Dealing with Free Riders|116
3|5 Safeguarding the Founding Fathers´ Interests|121
3|6 Conclusions|125
3|References|126
2|Chapter 6: Considerations on Some Global Institutional Challenges Within the Context of the Conservation and Management of Mar...|128
3|1 Introduction|129
3|2 Governance: Some Specific Issues (and Challenges)|129
3|3 Conclusive Remarks|136
3|References|136
2|Chapter 7: Market-Based Measures Against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in Indonesian Waters|138
3|1 Introduction|139
3|2 Economic Drivers of IUU Fishing in Indonesia|142
3|3 Possible Market-Based Measures to Deter IUU Fishing in Indonesia|145
4|3.1 Identification of IUU Fishing Vessels|147
4|3.2 Catch Certification and Documentation Schemes|150
4|3.3 Identification of Non-Complying State|153
3|4 Conclusive Remarks|155
3|References|156
3|Documents|157
2|Chapter 8: Sea-Level Rise in Relation to International Law: A New Topic for the United Nations International Law Commission|161
3|1 Introduction|161
3|2 The ``Sea-Level Rise in Relation to International Law´´ Proposal at the International Law Commission|163
3|3 Consideration of the Topic by Other Bodies: The International Law Association Committee on International Law and Sea Level R...|164
3|4 The International Law Commission Proposal: Scope of the Topic and Questions to be Addressed|167
4|4.1 Law of the Sea Issues|167
4|4.2 Statehood Issues|168
4|4.3 Issues Related to the Protection of Persons Affected by Sea-Level Rise|169
3|5 The Proposed Method of Work of the International Law Commission on This Topic|169
3|6 The Topic Satisfies the International Law Commission Requirements for Selection of a New Topic|170
3|7 Conclusion|171
3|References|172
3|Documents|173
2|Chapter 9: The Impact of UN Sanctions on Commercial Shipping Activities|174
3|1 Introduction|174
3|2 The UN Security Council and Its Power to Impose Economic Sanctions|175
3|3 UN Sanctions Strategies in the Maritime Sector|177
4|3.1 The Development of Smart Sanctions|177
4|3.2 Maritime Sanctions: Iran and North Korea|178
4|3.3 Blacklists of Maritime Entities and Vessels|179
4|3.4 Prohibitions on Vessel Registration, Bunkering, and Insurance|180
4|3.5 Prohibitions on Importing and Exporting Designated Cargo|181
4|3.6 Authorization for Cargo Inspections and Maritime Interdiction|182
3|4 Adapting to UN Maritime Sanctions: Shipping Industry Implications|184
3|5 Conclusion|187
3|References|188
3|Cases|189
3|Online Publications|189
3|Other|190
2|Chapter 10: Security Council´s Contribution to the Evolution of the Law of the Sea: Avant Garde or Self-Limitation?|191
3|1 Introduction|192
3|2 The Council´s Influence on the Evolution of State Practice at Sea|194
4|2.1 Resolutions Supporting the Implementation of the Law of the Sea|194
4|2.2 Resolutions Granting Derogations to the Law of the Sea|195
5|2.2.1 Exceptional Authorization to Enter the Territorial Sea|195
5|2.2.2 Frequent Derogations to the Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Flag State on the High Seas|196
3|3 The Council´s Self-Limitation of Its Influence on the Law of the Sea|199
4|3.1 The Systematicity of the Exclusion Clauses|199
4|3.2 Legal Effects of the Exclusion Clauses|200
3|4 Conclusion|202
3|References|202
3|Documents|203
2|Chapter 11: The Challenges of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf|205
3|1 Introduction|206
3|2 Defining the Continental Shelf|206
3|3 Article 76 and the Outer Edge of the Continental Margin|209
3|4 The Commission on Limits of the Continental Shelf|210
3|5 The Challenges of Commission on Limits of the Continental Shelf|212
3|6 Final Remarks|214
3|Elected Members of the CLCS (1997-2022)|214
3|References|216
3|Documents of the CLCS|216
2|Chapter 12: UN Food and Agriculture Organization: Exercising Legal Personality to Implement the UN Convention on the Law of th...|217
3|1 Introduction|217
3|2 FAO, International Legal Personality, and UNCLOS Implementation|218
3|3 FAO-Driven Initiatives That Have Helped to Accelerate the Implementation of UNCLOS|221
4|3.1 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries|221
4|3.2 Combatting IUU Fishing: Port State Measures Agreement|226
4|3.3 Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries|228
4|3.4 Flag State Performance|229
4|3.5 Network of Regional Fisheries Bodies|231
3|4 Conclusion|232
3|References|233
3|Documents|234
2|Chapter 13: Maritime Surveillance of the EU External Sea Borders: Extensive Approaches and Operational Challenges to the Princ...|235
3|1 Introduction|236
3|2 Flag State Jurisdiction and Migrant Smuggling Operations on the High Seas|237
3|3 The Right of Hot Pursuit in Irregular Migration Events at Sea|238
3|4 Frontex Joint Operations and Coastal State Jurisdiction|239
3|5 Interception Practices During Frontex Operations and Flag State Jurisdiction|242
3|6 Accountability and Responsibility During Frontex Joint Operations|244
3|7 Concluding Remarks|247
3|References|248
1|Part II: Superpowers, International Courts and the Law of the Sea: Challenges for the Global Oceans Regime|250
2|Chapter 14: Stakeholders in Dispute Settlement Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea|251
3|1 Introduction|251
3|2 Dynamics of Different Actors|253
4|2.1 State Actors|254
4|2.2 International Organisations|255
4|2.3 Non-State Actors|255
4|2.4 Judges|256
4|2.5 UNCLOS as an Actor|257
3|3 Stakeholder Identification Theory|257
3|4 Applied to the South China Sea Arbitration|260
4|4.1 Decision on Islands in the South China Sea Arbitration|261
4|4.2 Stakeholders in the Decision: China and the Philippines|262
4|4.3 Stakeholders in the Decision: Other State Parties|263
4|4.4 Stakeholders in the Decision: Non-State Parties|266
4|4.5 Stakeholders in the Decision: Non-State Actors|267
4|4.6 Applying Stakeholder Identification Theory|268
3|5 Lessons Learned|269
4|5.1 Limitations of Stakeholder Identification Theory in This Context|269
4|5.2 Potential of Stakeholder Identification Theory?|270
3|References|271
3|Documents|273
2|Chapter 15: The Legal Status of the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago in Light of Article 121 of UNCLOS and the South China ...|274
3|1 Introduction|275
3|2 Territorialism in the Law of the Sea: Controversial Brazilian Practice Regarding the EEZ|277
3|3 The Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo: Brazilian Jurisdictional Assertions|280
3|4 The View of the Arbitral Tribunal in the South China Sea Arbitration|283
4|4.1 Definition of ``Rock´´ in the Law of the Sea|285
4|4.2 The Requirement for Rocks to Sustain Human Habitation or Economic Life of Their Own: The Case of the ASPSP|288
3|5 Article 121 of UNCLOS, the SCS Arbitral Award and the Brazilian Case|290
3|6 Concluding Remarks|294
3|References|295
2|Chapter 16: Implementing the Law of the Sea: Russia and Arbitrations Under Annex VII to UNCLOS|297
3|1 Introduction|298
3|2 Russia´s Historical Participation in International Dispute Resolution|299
4|2.1 The International Court of Justice|299
5|2.1.1 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russia)|299
5|2.1.2 Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International C...|300
4|2.2 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea|302
4|2.3 Other Disputes|302
3|3 Issues of Jurisdiction in Arbitrations Under UNCLOS Annex VII|304
4|3.1 Issues of Jurisdiction in Arctic Sunrise|304
5|3.1.1 Declarations as a Ground of Exclusion|305
5|3.1.2 Another Possible Ground|306
5|3.1.3 Participation in Provisional Measures|306
4|3.2 Issues of Jurisdiction in Ukraine v. Russia|308
5|3.2.1 Declaration to UNCLOS|308
5|3.2.2 Dispute|310
5|3.2.3 Negotiation Between the Parties|311
3|4 Russia´s Compliance with the Law of the Sea|312
4|4.1 Compliance and the Arctic Sunrise Arbitration|313
5|4.1.1 Russia´s Compliance with the Order for Provisional Measures|313
5|4.1.2 Contextual Issues and International Perceptions of Russia´s Conduct|315
5|4.1.3 Russia´s Reaction to the Order for Compensation|317
4|4.2 Compliance and the Ukraine v. Russia Arbitration|317
5|4.2.1 Ukraine´s Arbitration Claim: Gas Extraction in the Black Sea|318
5|4.2.2 Recent Developments: Ceasing Breach in the Odessa Gas Field|319
5|4.2.3 The Context of Russia´s Conduct and Its External Causes|323
3|5 Conclusion|325
3|References|326
1|Part III: The Protection and Conservation of the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Where Do We Stand?|328
2|Chapter 17: The Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Ocean in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Where Do We Stand?|329
3|1 Introduction|329
3|2 The Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, Including Socioeconomic Aspe...|332
3|3 The Intergovernmental Conference on an International Legally Binding Instrument Under UNCLOS on the Conservation and Sustain...|333
3|4 Conservation and Sustainable Use of High Seas Fishing|334
4|4.1 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement|334
4|4.2 Sustainable Development Goals|336
3|5 Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Seabed|336
3|6 Conclusion|338
3|References|339
3|Documents|339
2|Chapter 18: Regulating the Common Heritage of Mankind: Challenges in Developing a Mining Code for the Area|341
3|1 Introduction|341
3|2 Current Environmental Management (Exploration Regime)|343
4|2.1 Environmental Regulations|343
4|2.2 Information Sharing|345
4|2.3 Institutional Capacity|346
4|2.4 Regional Environmental Management|348
4|2.5 Environmental Impact Assessment|349
3|3 Environmental Management Looking Ahead (Exploitation Regime)|352
4|3.1 Development of New Exploitation Regulations|352
4|3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment in the Exploitation Regulations|353
4|3.3 Other Potential Environmental Management Gaps|354
4|3.4 Standards and Guidelines|355
3|4 Concluding Remarks|356
3|References|356
2|Chapter 19: Three Structural Pillars of the Future International Legally Binding Instrument on the Conservation and Sustainabl...|358
3|1 Introduction|359
3|2 Relationship Between the ILBI and the Law of the Sea Convention|361
3|3 Relationship Between the Convention on Biological Diversity and the ILBI|367
3|4 Institutional Arrangements of the ILBI|373
4|4.1 Global Model|375
4|4.2 Regional/Sectoral Model|376
4|4.3 Hybrid Model|377
4|4.4 The Requirement of ``Not Undermine´´|378
3|5 Conclusion|379
3|References|380
3|Documents|382
2|Chapter 20: The European Union and the Future International Legally Binding Instrument on Marine Biodiversity Beyond National ...|386
3|1 Introduction: The European Union and the Law of the Sea|386
3|2 European Union´s Formal Participation in the Future International Legally Binding Instrument on Marine Biodiversity|389
4|2.1 The Tension Between Shared and Exclusive Competences of the European Union and Its Consequences in the Context of the Nego...|389
4|2.2 The Tension Between Shared and Exclusive Competences of the EU and Its Member States and Key Issues Regarding the Particip...|393
3|3 The European Union and the Substance of the Future International Legally Binding Instrument on Marine Biodiversity|397
4|3.1 The Balanced and Pragmatic Position of the European Union Regarding the Elements of the Package Deal|397
5|3.1.1 Marine Genetic Resources|398
5|3.1.2 Area-Based Management Tools|399
5|3.1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment|401
5|3.1.4 Transfer of Marine Technology and Capacity Building|401
4|3.2 Potential Consequences of the Future Instrument as Regards European Union´s Maritime Policy|402
3|4 Conclusion and Way Forward|405
3|References|405
2|Chapter 21: The EU and the UN Legally-Binding Instrument on the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction|407
3|1 Introduction|407
3|2 The EU and the UNCLOS and the Enhanced Status of the EU in the UNGA|410
3|3 The Legal Gaps in the UNCLOS|413
3|4 The Huge Dilemma Around the Table of the UN on the ABNJ´s Legal Framework: The Common Heritage of Mankind v. the Freedom of ...|416
3|5 The EU´s Pragmatic Position on the ABNJ: A Possible Third Way to Walk on?|419
3|6 Conclusive Remarks|425
3|References|426
3|Documents|428
2|Chapter 22: Solving the Potential Conflict: High Seas Marine Protected Areas and Sovereign Rights Over the Continental Shelf B...|429
3|1 Introduction|430
3|2 The Potential Conflict|432
4|2.1 Origins of the Conflict|432
5|2.1.1 The Legal Frameworks of the OCS and the HS|432
5|2.1.2 The Legal Framework of MPAs|433
6|The Legal Framework of MPAs in the OCS|434
6|The Legal Framework of MPAs in the HS|434
5|2.1.3 Existing Regional Initiatives for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of ABNJ|435
6|The Mediterranean Sea|435
6|The North East Atlantic|436
6|The Southern Ocean|437
6|The Sargasso Sea|437
5|2.1.4 Remaining Challenges/Gaps|438
3|3 What Is at Stake?|439
4|3.1 Evaluation of the Potential for Conflict|440
4|3.2 The Proposed Solution|441
5|3.2.1 Previously Proposed Solutions|441
5|3.2.2 Ex Post Opt-Out Mechanism|442
3|4 Conclusion|444
3|References|446
3|Documents|447
2|Chapter 23: North East Atlantic Marine Protected Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction. Geographical and Material Scope|449
3|1 Introduction|450
3|2 Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction|452
4|2.1 Sedentary Species in ABNJs|454
4|2.2 Recognition of the Area and Its Resources as Common Heritage of Mankind|456
4|2.3 Political Debate|458
4|2.4 North East Atlantic Seabed|459
3|3 Jurisdiction of States|460
4|3.1 Proximity Versus Adjacency|460
4|3.2 Claims Based on Proximity-Adjacency|461
4|3.3 National Jurisdiction in ABNJs|465
4|3.4 Contribution of International Organisations to Biodiversity in ABNJs|467
3|4 Final Considerations|468
3|References|470
3|Documents|473