File #2296: "2018_Book_RetailCrime.pdf"
Testo
1|Preface|7
1|Acknowledgements|9
1|Contents|11
1|Series Editor’s Introduction|14
1|Notes on Editors and Contributors|16
1|List of Figures|25
1|List of Tables|28
1|Part I: An Introduction to Retail Crime|30
2|1: Retail Crime: Aim, Scope, Theoretical Framework and Definitions|31
3|Introduction|31
3|Aim and Scope of the Book|32
3|Book Structure|33
3|The Theoretical Framework of the Book|35
3|Book Definitions|39
4|Hot and Cold Products|39
4|Retail Crime|41
4|Retail Environments|46
4|Retail Crime Prevention/Retail Loss Prevention|47
4|Shrinkage and Total Retail Loss|48
4|Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Retail Crime|50
3|Final Summary|54
3|References|55
2|2: International Trends in Retail Crime and Prevention Practices|60
3|Loss Prevention Purpose|60
3|Retail Crime|61
3|Measurement of Retail Crime|61
3|International Trends in Total Retail Crime Losses|63
3|Emerging Trends in Retail Losses|65
3|The New Institutional Loss Prevention|67
3|Innovation: Retail Crime Prevention Partnerships|69
3|Innovation: Retail Technology|70
3|Innovation: Major Crime-Prevention Devices|73
3|Capital Investment|74
3|Conclusions|75
3|References|77
1|Part II: Products, Settings and Offenders in Retail|81
2|3: Can We Ever Know Which Objects Thieves Most Desire? Lessons from Studying Shoplifted Fast-Moving Consumer Goods|82
3|Introduction|82
3|Smith’s Study of Shoplifting|83
3|The Present Study|84
4|Products Needing Regular Replenishment|85
4|Brand Name Products|85
4|Products with Roles in Illicit Drug Use|86
3|Analysis|86
3|Discussion|87
3|Appendix: Details of the Analysis|91
3|References|92
2|4: Who Steals from Shops, and Why? A Case Study of Prolific Shop Theft Offenders|95
3|Introduction|95
3|Literature Review|96
4|Shop Theft Offender Socio-Demographics|96
4|Offender Motivation|97
3|Who Are the Shop Theft Offenders? A Case Study of a Core City|99
4|Methodological Approach|99
4|Who Commits Shop Theft in the Core City?|100
3|Why Do Shoplifters Steal? A Case Study of Prolific Shop Theft Offenders|103
4|Methodological Approach|103
4|Why Do Shoplifters Steal?|105
4|Perceptions of Risk and Security|107
5|Formal Surveillance: Appraisal of Security Measures|107
5|Utilising Place Managers: Appraisal of Retail Staff|112
5|Appraisal of Store Layout|113
3|Conclusion|115
3|References|117
2|5: COPS and Robbers: Customer Operated Payment Systems, Self-Service Checkout and the Impact on Retail Crime|122
3|Introduction|122
3|Background: New Developments in POS|123
3|Shrinkage, Retail Theft and Customer Operated Payment Systems|128
3|COPS and Robbers: Opportunity Makes the Thief?|130
4|SWIPERS|131
4|Accidental SWIPERS|132
4|Switching SWIPERS|133
4|Compensating SWIPERS|133
4|Irritated/Frustrated SWIPERS|134
4|Pleasure-Seeking and Hedonic Shoplifting|134
3|Future Directions for COPS and POS Technology|135
3|Conclusion|137
3|References|138
1|Part III: Retail Environments, Crime and Perceived Safety|143
2|6: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and Retail Crime: Exploring Offender Perspectives on Risk and Protective Factors in the Design and Layout of Retail Environments|144
3|Introduction|144
3|Literature Review|145
3|Methodological Approach|150
4|Risks and Limitations|153
3|Offender Background|154
3|What Makes a Suitable Target?|155
4|Suitable Store|155
4|Suitable Products|156
4|Ineffective Deterrents|157
3|What Makes an Unsuitable Target?|160
4|Unsuitable Store|160
4|Unsuitable Product|160
4|Effective Deterrent|160
3|Specific Principles of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)|162
4|Surveillance|162
4|Movement Control|166
4|Physical Security|167
4|Defensible Space/Territoriality|170
3|Conclusion|171
3|References|173
2|7: Shoplifting in Small Stores: A Qualitative Case Study in Perth, Western Australia|176
3|Introduction|176
3|Trends in Australia|177
3|An Overview of the Literature and Theoretical Perspective|179
3|Methodology and Findings|185
3|Conclusions|194
3|References|195
2|8: Crime in a Scandinavian Shopping Centre|199
3|Introduction|199
3|Theoretical Background|201
4|Crime Theory in Risky Facilities|201
4|Crime in Shopping Centres: A Conceptual Model|204
4|Visualisation of Crime Incidents in 3-D and BIM: Building Information Model|208
4|The BIM Approach|209
3|The Case Study|209
3|Data|210
3|Methods|211
4|Creation of the Object-Oriented Semantic Model of the Shopping Centre|211
4|Visualisation of Space-Time Patterns of Crime with BIM Model|212
4|Inspection of the Shopping Environment|212
3|Results|213
4|The Most Common Crime and Safety Related Incidents in the Shopping Centre|213
4|Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Crime Incidents of Public Disturbance|215
4|Visualising Crime in Shopping Centres Using BIM Diagrams|218
4|The Shopping Environment Most in Need of Intervention|220
3|Conclusions|224
3|References|228
2|9: Perceived Safety in a Shopping Centre: A Swedish Case Study|234
3|Introduction|234
3|Theoretical Background|236
4|Perceived Safety in Shopping Centres|236
4|Shopping Centre Environment and Perceived Safety|238
4|Hypotheses of Study|240
3|Study Area|241
3|Data and Methods|242
4|The Fieldwork Inspection|242
4|The Questionnaire|243
4|The Analysis and Mapping|244
3|Results|244
4|The Perceived Safety of the Visitors|244
4|Victimisation and Perceived Safety in the Shopping Centre|245
4|Places of Crime and Fear in the Shopping Centre|247
4|Perceived Safety by Place Type in the Shopping Centre|249
4|Suggestions for Improving Safety Conditions|251
3|Discussion of the Results|255
3|Conclusions|257
3|References|258
1|Part IV: Retail Crime and the Wider Context|262
2|10: Shopping Crime at Place: The Case of Tel Aviv-Yafo|263
3|Introduction|263
3|The Study|266
4|Crime Incidents at Street Segments|269
3|Results|271
4|Shopping Crime in Tel Aviv-Yafo|271
4|Does the Law of Crime Concentration at Places Apply to Shopping Crime?|274
4|Are Crime Concentration Levels Stable Across Time?|274
4|Are Hot Spots of Shopping Crime Spread Across the City?|277
3|Discussion|279
3|Conclusions|282
3|References|283
2|11: Crime at the Intersection of Rail and Retail|289
3|Introduction|289
3|Aims and Research Questions|290
3|Theoretical Background|290
4|Definitions|290
4|Context|290
4|Theft at Rail Stations|292
4|Shoplifting Outside of the Rail Environment|293
4|Theoretical Explanations for Shoplifting: Offender Type|293
4|Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Shoplifting|294
4|Premise Types and At-Risk Merchandise|295
3|The Measurement of Shoplifting|297
3|Data|297
3|Methods|299
3|Results|300
4|Concentrations of Shoplifting|300
4|Temporal Trends in Shoplifting|302
4|Goods Stolen and Types of Rail Shops at Risk of Shoplifting|303
3|Discussion of Findings|308
4|Limitations of Study|309
4|Implications for Policy|310
4|Potential Avenues for Future Research|310
3|References|311
2|12: Crime Against Trading: The Case of Cargo Theft in São Paulo|314
3|Introduction|314
3|Literature Overview|315
4|Definition of Cargo Theft|316
4|The Nature of Cargo Theft|316
4|Temporal Dimension of Cargo Theft|317
4|Spatial Dimension of Cargo Theft|319
3|Framing the Case Study|320
4|The Study Area|320
4|Data and Methods|322
3|Results and Discussion|324
4|The Nature of Cargo Theft: Brazil and Focus in São Paulo State|324
4|Temporal and Spatial Trends in Cargo Theft in São Paulo State|327
4|The Overall Spatial Pattern of Cargo Theft in São Paulo State|329
4|Intra-state Patterns of Cargo Theft|330
3|Conclusions and Looking Ahead: A Research Agenda and Policy Implications|334
3|References|338
2|13: Theft of Medicines from Hospitals as Organised Retail Crime: The Italian Case|341
3|Introduction|341
3|Theft of Medicines as Pharmaceutical Crime|342
3|Why Theft of Medicines Is Attractive for Criminals|344
3|Stolen Medicines: Vulnerabilities on the Demand Side|345
4|Inelastic and Growing Demand|345
4|Restricted and Difficult Access|345
4|Differences in Reimbursement Regimes|346
4|Illegal Use of Legal Medicines|347
3|Stolen Medicines: Vulnerabilities on the Supply Side|348
4|Low Volume and Weight|348
4|High Price|348
4|Price Differentials|349
4|Wholesale and the Parallel Trade|349
4|Lack of Traceability|351
4|Vulnerability of Transportation and Hospitals|351
4|Internet and New Technologies|353
3|Research Hypotheses|354
3|The Present Study|354
3|Results|356
4|Hypothesis 1: Stolen Medicines Are Resold on the Legal Market|356
4|Hypothesis 2: Organised Crime Groups Are Involved in Theft of Medicines|358
3|Conclusions|362
3|References|364
1|Part V: Retail Crime Prevention|370
2|14: The Challenges to Preventing Losses in Retailing: Views from Retail Loss Prevention Managers and Directors|371
3|Introduction|371
3|The Present Study|373
3|The Way Loss Prevention Is Organised|374
3|The Support of the Board|375
3|Overall Effectiveness|376
3|The Effectiveness of Guarding|378
3|The Effectiveness of CCTV|381
3|The Effectiveness of EAS|382
3|The Value of Crime Partnerships|383
3|The Value of Civil Recovery|385
3|The Most Effective Approaches|386
3|Discussion|387
3|References|389
2|15: Towards a Theory of Tagging in Retail Environments|393
3|On Security Tagging and the Merits of Theory|393
3|EMMIE and the Evidence on Security Tagging|397
3|Building Theory|403
3|Conclusion and Implications|410
3|References|412
1|Part VI: Research and Practice|417
2|16: Practical Challenges and New Research Frontiers in Retail Crime and Its Prevention|418
3|Introduction|418
3|An Overview of the Book Chapters|419
3|Cross-Cutting Common Themes|425
3|Book Limitations|427
3|Future Research and Policy Recommendations|428
3|References|434
1|Index|437
1|Acknowledgements|9
1|Contents|11
1|Series Editor’s Introduction|14
1|Notes on Editors and Contributors|16
1|List of Figures|25
1|List of Tables|28
1|Part I: An Introduction to Retail Crime|30
2|1: Retail Crime: Aim, Scope, Theoretical Framework and Definitions|31
3|Introduction|31
3|Aim and Scope of the Book|32
3|Book Structure|33
3|The Theoretical Framework of the Book|35
3|Book Definitions|39
4|Hot and Cold Products|39
4|Retail Crime|41
4|Retail Environments|46
4|Retail Crime Prevention/Retail Loss Prevention|47
4|Shrinkage and Total Retail Loss|48
4|Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Retail Crime|50
3|Final Summary|54
3|References|55
2|2: International Trends in Retail Crime and Prevention Practices|60
3|Loss Prevention Purpose|60
3|Retail Crime|61
3|Measurement of Retail Crime|61
3|International Trends in Total Retail Crime Losses|63
3|Emerging Trends in Retail Losses|65
3|The New Institutional Loss Prevention|67
3|Innovation: Retail Crime Prevention Partnerships|69
3|Innovation: Retail Technology|70
3|Innovation: Major Crime-Prevention Devices|73
3|Capital Investment|74
3|Conclusions|75
3|References|77
1|Part II: Products, Settings and Offenders in Retail|81
2|3: Can We Ever Know Which Objects Thieves Most Desire? Lessons from Studying Shoplifted Fast-Moving Consumer Goods|82
3|Introduction|82
3|Smith’s Study of Shoplifting|83
3|The Present Study|84
4|Products Needing Regular Replenishment|85
4|Brand Name Products|85
4|Products with Roles in Illicit Drug Use|86
3|Analysis|86
3|Discussion|87
3|Appendix: Details of the Analysis|91
3|References|92
2|4: Who Steals from Shops, and Why? A Case Study of Prolific Shop Theft Offenders|95
3|Introduction|95
3|Literature Review|96
4|Shop Theft Offender Socio-Demographics|96
4|Offender Motivation|97
3|Who Are the Shop Theft Offenders? A Case Study of a Core City|99
4|Methodological Approach|99
4|Who Commits Shop Theft in the Core City?|100
3|Why Do Shoplifters Steal? A Case Study of Prolific Shop Theft Offenders|103
4|Methodological Approach|103
4|Why Do Shoplifters Steal?|105
4|Perceptions of Risk and Security|107
5|Formal Surveillance: Appraisal of Security Measures|107
5|Utilising Place Managers: Appraisal of Retail Staff|112
5|Appraisal of Store Layout|113
3|Conclusion|115
3|References|117
2|5: COPS and Robbers: Customer Operated Payment Systems, Self-Service Checkout and the Impact on Retail Crime|122
3|Introduction|122
3|Background: New Developments in POS|123
3|Shrinkage, Retail Theft and Customer Operated Payment Systems|128
3|COPS and Robbers: Opportunity Makes the Thief?|130
4|SWIPERS|131
4|Accidental SWIPERS|132
4|Switching SWIPERS|133
4|Compensating SWIPERS|133
4|Irritated/Frustrated SWIPERS|134
4|Pleasure-Seeking and Hedonic Shoplifting|134
3|Future Directions for COPS and POS Technology|135
3|Conclusion|137
3|References|138
1|Part III: Retail Environments, Crime and Perceived Safety|143
2|6: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and Retail Crime: Exploring Offender Perspectives on Risk and Protective Factors in the Design and Layout of Retail Environments|144
3|Introduction|144
3|Literature Review|145
3|Methodological Approach|150
4|Risks and Limitations|153
3|Offender Background|154
3|What Makes a Suitable Target?|155
4|Suitable Store|155
4|Suitable Products|156
4|Ineffective Deterrents|157
3|What Makes an Unsuitable Target?|160
4|Unsuitable Store|160
4|Unsuitable Product|160
4|Effective Deterrent|160
3|Specific Principles of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)|162
4|Surveillance|162
4|Movement Control|166
4|Physical Security|167
4|Defensible Space/Territoriality|170
3|Conclusion|171
3|References|173
2|7: Shoplifting in Small Stores: A Qualitative Case Study in Perth, Western Australia|176
3|Introduction|176
3|Trends in Australia|177
3|An Overview of the Literature and Theoretical Perspective|179
3|Methodology and Findings|185
3|Conclusions|194
3|References|195
2|8: Crime in a Scandinavian Shopping Centre|199
3|Introduction|199
3|Theoretical Background|201
4|Crime Theory in Risky Facilities|201
4|Crime in Shopping Centres: A Conceptual Model|204
4|Visualisation of Crime Incidents in 3-D and BIM: Building Information Model|208
4|The BIM Approach|209
3|The Case Study|209
3|Data|210
3|Methods|211
4|Creation of the Object-Oriented Semantic Model of the Shopping Centre|211
4|Visualisation of Space-Time Patterns of Crime with BIM Model|212
4|Inspection of the Shopping Environment|212
3|Results|213
4|The Most Common Crime and Safety Related Incidents in the Shopping Centre|213
4|Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Crime Incidents of Public Disturbance|215
4|Visualising Crime in Shopping Centres Using BIM Diagrams|218
4|The Shopping Environment Most in Need of Intervention|220
3|Conclusions|224
3|References|228
2|9: Perceived Safety in a Shopping Centre: A Swedish Case Study|234
3|Introduction|234
3|Theoretical Background|236
4|Perceived Safety in Shopping Centres|236
4|Shopping Centre Environment and Perceived Safety|238
4|Hypotheses of Study|240
3|Study Area|241
3|Data and Methods|242
4|The Fieldwork Inspection|242
4|The Questionnaire|243
4|The Analysis and Mapping|244
3|Results|244
4|The Perceived Safety of the Visitors|244
4|Victimisation and Perceived Safety in the Shopping Centre|245
4|Places of Crime and Fear in the Shopping Centre|247
4|Perceived Safety by Place Type in the Shopping Centre|249
4|Suggestions for Improving Safety Conditions|251
3|Discussion of the Results|255
3|Conclusions|257
3|References|258
1|Part IV: Retail Crime and the Wider Context|262
2|10: Shopping Crime at Place: The Case of Tel Aviv-Yafo|263
3|Introduction|263
3|The Study|266
4|Crime Incidents at Street Segments|269
3|Results|271
4|Shopping Crime in Tel Aviv-Yafo|271
4|Does the Law of Crime Concentration at Places Apply to Shopping Crime?|274
4|Are Crime Concentration Levels Stable Across Time?|274
4|Are Hot Spots of Shopping Crime Spread Across the City?|277
3|Discussion|279
3|Conclusions|282
3|References|283
2|11: Crime at the Intersection of Rail and Retail|289
3|Introduction|289
3|Aims and Research Questions|290
3|Theoretical Background|290
4|Definitions|290
4|Context|290
4|Theft at Rail Stations|292
4|Shoplifting Outside of the Rail Environment|293
4|Theoretical Explanations for Shoplifting: Offender Type|293
4|Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Shoplifting|294
4|Premise Types and At-Risk Merchandise|295
3|The Measurement of Shoplifting|297
3|Data|297
3|Methods|299
3|Results|300
4|Concentrations of Shoplifting|300
4|Temporal Trends in Shoplifting|302
4|Goods Stolen and Types of Rail Shops at Risk of Shoplifting|303
3|Discussion of Findings|308
4|Limitations of Study|309
4|Implications for Policy|310
4|Potential Avenues for Future Research|310
3|References|311
2|12: Crime Against Trading: The Case of Cargo Theft in São Paulo|314
3|Introduction|314
3|Literature Overview|315
4|Definition of Cargo Theft|316
4|The Nature of Cargo Theft|316
4|Temporal Dimension of Cargo Theft|317
4|Spatial Dimension of Cargo Theft|319
3|Framing the Case Study|320
4|The Study Area|320
4|Data and Methods|322
3|Results and Discussion|324
4|The Nature of Cargo Theft: Brazil and Focus in São Paulo State|324
4|Temporal and Spatial Trends in Cargo Theft in São Paulo State|327
4|The Overall Spatial Pattern of Cargo Theft in São Paulo State|329
4|Intra-state Patterns of Cargo Theft|330
3|Conclusions and Looking Ahead: A Research Agenda and Policy Implications|334
3|References|338
2|13: Theft of Medicines from Hospitals as Organised Retail Crime: The Italian Case|341
3|Introduction|341
3|Theft of Medicines as Pharmaceutical Crime|342
3|Why Theft of Medicines Is Attractive for Criminals|344
3|Stolen Medicines: Vulnerabilities on the Demand Side|345
4|Inelastic and Growing Demand|345
4|Restricted and Difficult Access|345
4|Differences in Reimbursement Regimes|346
4|Illegal Use of Legal Medicines|347
3|Stolen Medicines: Vulnerabilities on the Supply Side|348
4|Low Volume and Weight|348
4|High Price|348
4|Price Differentials|349
4|Wholesale and the Parallel Trade|349
4|Lack of Traceability|351
4|Vulnerability of Transportation and Hospitals|351
4|Internet and New Technologies|353
3|Research Hypotheses|354
3|The Present Study|354
3|Results|356
4|Hypothesis 1: Stolen Medicines Are Resold on the Legal Market|356
4|Hypothesis 2: Organised Crime Groups Are Involved in Theft of Medicines|358
3|Conclusions|362
3|References|364
1|Part V: Retail Crime Prevention|370
2|14: The Challenges to Preventing Losses in Retailing: Views from Retail Loss Prevention Managers and Directors|371
3|Introduction|371
3|The Present Study|373
3|The Way Loss Prevention Is Organised|374
3|The Support of the Board|375
3|Overall Effectiveness|376
3|The Effectiveness of Guarding|378
3|The Effectiveness of CCTV|381
3|The Effectiveness of EAS|382
3|The Value of Crime Partnerships|383
3|The Value of Civil Recovery|385
3|The Most Effective Approaches|386
3|Discussion|387
3|References|389
2|15: Towards a Theory of Tagging in Retail Environments|393
3|On Security Tagging and the Merits of Theory|393
3|EMMIE and the Evidence on Security Tagging|397
3|Building Theory|403
3|Conclusion and Implications|410
3|References|412
1|Part VI: Research and Practice|417
2|16: Practical Challenges and New Research Frontiers in Retail Crime and Its Prevention|418
3|Introduction|418
3|An Overview of the Book Chapters|419
3|Cross-Cutting Common Themes|425
3|Book Limitations|427
3|Future Research and Policy Recommendations|428
3|References|434
1|Index|437