File #2308: "2018_Book_InternationalYearbookOfSoilLaw.pdf"
Testo
1|Preface|6
1|Contents|9
1|Part I: Greetings|12
2|Greetings|13
1|Part II: The Theme: Soil and Sustainable Agriculture|15
2|Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture: Impacts on Sustainable Soil Management|16
3|1 Introduction|16
3|2 Soil Quality|19
3|3 Regional Models of Sustainable Intensification and Impact on Soil Quality|21
3|4 Economic and Behavioural Aspects of Managing Soil Quality|22
3|5 Conclusions|23
3|References|24
2|Voluntary Guidelines for Sustainable Soil Management: Global Action for Healthy Soils|26
3|1 Soil and the Sustainability Agenda|26
4|1.1 Introduction|26
4|1.2 Soils and the Environmental Sustainability Agenda|27
4|1.3 Global Soil Partnership: Action for Sustainable Soil Management|28
3|2 Action for Soil Protection and Rehabilitation|30
4|2.1 Soil Functions|30
4|2.2 Target Areas for Action: The Status of the World´s Soil Resources (SWSR) Report|31
4|2.3 Revised World Soil Charter: Foundation for the VGSSM|33
3|3 Development and Adoption of the VGSSM|34
4|3.1 Consultation Process|34
5|3.1.1 Initial Process: Concept Note for VGSSM|34
5|3.1.2 Zero-Order VGSSM and Public E-Consultation|34
5|3.1.3 First-Order VGSSM and Open-Ended Working Group|34
4|3.2 Adoption of the VGSSM|35
3|4 Nature of the VGSSM|35
4|4.1 Objectives of the VGSSM|35
4|4.2 Content of the VGSSM|36
3|5 Other Initiatives That Include Sustainable Soil Management|39
4|5.1 Conservation Agriculture|39
4|5.2 Organic Farming/Organic Agriculture|40
4|5.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture|40
4|5.4 Integrated Soil-Fertility Management|41
4|5.5 Sustainable Land Management|41
4|5.6 Agroecology|42
4|5.7 Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)|43
3|6 Challenges to Implement the VGSSM|43
3|References|44
2|Soil Degradation Through Agriculture in China: Its Extent, Impacts and Implications for Environmental Law Reform|46
3|1 Introduction|46
3|2 Defining Soil Degradation|49
3|3 Soil Degradation in China: Typologies, Causes and Impacts|51
4|3.1 Typologies and Causes of Soil Degradation in China|51
5|3.1.1 Soil Erosion|52
5|3.1.2 Soil Desertification|53
5|3.1.3 Soil Salinisation|54
5|3.1.4 Soil Sterility|54
5|3.1.5 Soil Pollution|55
4|3.2 Impacts of Soil Degradation in China|57
5|3.2.1 Production Losses|57
5|3.2.2 Food Safety Crisis|58
5|3.2.3 Food Security|58
5|3.2.4 Other Impacts|59
3|4 Soil Degradation and Its Implications for Environmental Law Reform of China|60
4|4.1 Legal Frameworks Governing Soil Degradation in China: An Overview|60
4|4.2 The Role of Environmental Legislation in Soil Degradation Control|61
5|4.2.1 Farmland Protection|61
5|4.2.2 Desertification Prevention and Control|61
5|4.2.3 Soil Erosion Prevention and Control|62
5|4.2.4 Grassland and Forestry Protection|62
5|4.2.5 Soil Pollution Prevention and Control|62
3|5 Addressing Challenges by Reforming the Environmental Regulatory System|65
4|5.1 Lessons Learned from the International Society|65
4|5.2 Bridge Gaps by Reforming the Environmental Legal System of China|66
3|6 Concluding Remarks|68
3|References|69
2|Soil Legislation and Policy in the Kyrgyz Republic on the Development of the Law ``On Soil Fertility Protection of Agricultura...|73
3|1 Introduction|73
3|2 The Legal Framework for Land Management|74
3|3 Land Reform|75
3|4 Legislative Improvement|78
3|5 The Law on Soil Fertility Protection of Agricultural Lands|78
3|6 Conclusion|79
3|References|80
2|Current Status and Improvement of Institutional Base of Solving Soil Degradation and Low Agricultural Productivity Problems in...|82
3|1 Introduction|82
4|1.1 Current State of Soil Cover, Soil and Land Degradation in the Republic of Tajikistan|83
3|2 Legislative System of the Republic of Tajikistan: Procedure of Development, Discussion, Acceptance, and Monitoring of the Im...|87
4|2.1 The Current Laws and Legislative Acts on Soil Protection and Sustainable Land Management: Advantages and Disadvantages|92
3|3 Current State and Perspective of Agricultural Sector Development in the Republic of Tajikistan|97
3|4 Recommendations to Improve Agriculture and the Legislative Base for Soil Protection and Sustainable Land Management|102
3|5 Conclusion|105
3|References|107
2|Governance of Pastoral Lands|108
3|1 Introduction|108
4|1.1 Pastoral Land|110
4|1.2 The Value of Pastoral Land|110
3|2 Pastoral Land Rights|111
4|2.1 Customary Land Tenure|112
4|2.2 Rights and Duties to Use|113
3|3 International Principles|114
4|3.1 Principle 1: Good Governance|114
4|3.2 Principle 2: Sustainable Development, Integration, and Interdependence|114
4|3.3 Principle 3: Intergenerational and Intragenerational Equity|115
4|3.4 Principle 4: Responsibility for Transboundary Harm|116
4|3.5 Principle 5: Transparency, Public Participation, and Access to Information and Solutions|116
4|3.6 Principle 6: Cooperation and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities|116
4|3.7 Principle 7: Precaution|117
4|3.8 Principle 8: Prevention|117
4|3.9 Principle 9: Polluter Pays Principle|118
4|3.10 Principle 10: Access and Benefit Sharing Regarding Natural Resources|118
4|3.11 Principle 11: Common Heritage and Common Concern of Humankind|119
3|4 Pastoral Land Policy|119
4|4.1 Developing a National Pastoral Land Strategy|120
4|4.2 Enabling Policies|121
4|4.3 Research and Extension Systems|121
3|5 Defining National Legislation Relevant to Pastoralism|121
4|5.1 Legal and Institutional Elements|122
5|5.1.1 Relevant Institutional Framework|122
5|5.1.2 Transboundary Agreements|123
5|5.1.3 Resolution of Transboundary Disputes|124
5|5.1.4 Pastoral Land Institution|124
5|5.1.5 Monitoring|125
5|5.1.6 Community Participation in Pastoral Land-Use Decision Making|125
5|5.1.7 Information for Interested Persons|126
5|5.1.8 Right to Information|126
5|5.1.9 Procedure to Obtain Information|126
5|5.1.10 Pastoral Land Information and Knowledge|126
5|5.1.11 Mobility|127
5|5.1.12 Enforcement|127
5|5.1.13 Access to Justice|128
5|5.1.14 Dispute Resolution|128
3|6 Conclusion|129
3|References|130
2|Uncertainty of Land Tenure and the Effects of Sustainability if Agriculture in the United States|132
3|1 Introduction|132
3|2 Land Tenure and Land Tenure Security|133
3|3 Leasing|135
4|3.1 Introduction|135
4|3.2 Predominance and Nature of Leasing in the United States|136
4|3.3 Absentee and Nonproducer Landlords|138
4|3.4 Leasing and Sustainable Agriculture|139
3|4 Conservation Easements|142
4|4.1 Introduction|142
4|4.2 Conservation Easements and Land Tenure|143
5|4.2.1 Overview|143
5|4.2.2 Amending Conservation Easements|145
5|4.2.3 Terms That Do Not Support Agriculture/Conflicting Easement Objectives|147
5|4.2.4 Conservation Easements and Sustainable Agriculture Conclusions|150
3|5 Heirs Property|151
4|5.1 Introduction|151
4|5.2 Tenancy in Common|152
4|5.3 Heirs Property and Sustainable Agriculture|153
3|6 Conclusions|154
3|References|155
2|Soil Data Needs for Sustainable Agriculture|157
3|1 Introduction|157
3|2 Sustainable Agriculture|158
3|3 Soil Quality Data|159
3|4 Soil Erosion|165
4|4.1 Water Erosion|165
4|4.2 Wind Erosion|169
3|5 Data Availability|170
3|6 Conclusions|171
3|References|171
2|Import Regulations and Certification as a Means to Enforce Sustainable Agriculture Abroad|173
3|1 Introduction|173
3|2 Conflicting Goals for the Use of Bioenergy|174
4|2.1 Biomass for Energy|174
4|2.2 Socio-Economic Effects|174
5|2.2.1 Bioenergy for Socio-Economic Development|174
5|2.2.2 Adverse Effects|175
4|2.3 Environmental Impacts|175
5|2.3.1 Bioenergy for Climate Mitigation|175
5|2.3.2 Adverse Environmental Impact|176
4|2.4 The Export of Conflicts Through the Import of Bioenergy|176
3|3 The Sustainability Criteria for Biofuels and Bioliquids|178
4|3.1 Scope and Legal Consequences|178
5|3.1.1 Biofuels and Bioliquids|178
5|3.1.2 The Twofold Incentive for Compliance|178
5|3.1.3 Analysis|179
4|3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Balance|179
5|3.2.1 Maximum Emission Level|180
5|3.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment|180
5|3.2.3 Analysis|180
4|3.3 Direct Land-Use Changes: The Introduction of `No-Go Areas´|181
5|3.3.1 The Exclusion of Carbon Sinks|181
5|3.3.2 The Exclusion of Biodiverse Areas|182
5|3.3.3 Analysis|182
4|3.4 Unresolved Issues|183
5|3.4.1 Agricultural Standards|183
5|3.4.2 Socio-Economic Impacts|184
4|3.5 Conclusion|185
3|4 Compliance|186
4|4.1 The Recognition Mechanism|186
4|4.2 The Recognised Certification Systems|187
4|4.3 Analysis|188
3|5 Conclusion|190
4|5.1 The Impact of the Sustainability Criteria|190
4|5.2 The Benefit of Certification Systems in the Case of Imports|191
4|5.3 The Way Ahead|192
3|References|193
1|Part III: Recent Developments of Soil Regulation at International Level|195
2|Implementing Land Degradation Neutrality (SDG 15.3) at National Level: General Approach, Indicator Selection and Experiences f...|196
3|1 Introduction|196
3|2 Concept and Main Elements of Land Degradation and Land Degradation Neutrality|197
4|2.1 What Is `Land Degradation´?|198
4|2.2 What Is `Land Degradation Neutrality´?|199
4|2.3 International Agreements on Indicator Selection and Monitoring of LDN|201
3|3 Steps and Guiding Questions to Implement LDN on a National Level|203
4|3.1 Define and Tailor LDN in the National Context|204
4|3.2 Define Suitable Indicators|205
4|3.3 Define Baseline and Set Targets|205
4|3.4 Specify the Spatial Dimension|206
4|3.5 Determine Compensation Mechanisms|207
4|3.6 Set Up and Maintain LDN Monitoring System|209
4|3.7 Improve Enabling Environment|210
3|4 German Activities to Kick-Start the Implementation of LDN|211
4|4.1 SDG Implementation in National Policies|211
4|4.2 A Research Project Helps to Kick-Start the Process|211
3|5 Land Use Change as a Proxy Indicator for LDN|213
4|5.1 Categories for Land Use and Land-Use Change|214
4|5.2 Integration of the Hemeroby Concept into a Land-Use Classification|216
4|5.3 Consideration of Land-Use Intensity and Changes in Land Management|219
5|5.3.1 Share of Sustainable Forest Management (Categories 1 and 2)|219
5|5.3.2 Share of Organic Farming (Categories 3 and 4)|220
5|5.3.3 Share of Unsealed Land in the Category of Areas for Settlement and Traffic (Category 6)|220
4|5.4 Outlook on LDN Monitoring in Germany and Conclusion|222
3|References|222
1|Part IV: National and Regional Soil Legislation|225
2|Reform of the Icelandic Soil Conservation Law|226
3|1 Introduction|226
3|2 Contextual Framework for Understanding Soil Resource Governance|227
3|3 Soils of Iceland|228
3|4 Understanding Soil Governance in Iceland from a Historical Perspective|230
4|4.1 Act on the Protection of Forests, Shrubs, Moss and Heather, 1891|231
4|4.2 Act on Protection against the Drifting Sand and Land Reclamation, No. 6/1895|231
4|4.3 Act on Forestry and Protection against Soil Erosion, No. 54/1907|232
4|4.4 Act on Land Reclamation, No. 20/1914|232
4|4.5 Act on Sand Reclamation, No. 45/1923|233
4|4.6 Act Concerning Soil Reclamation and the Prevention of Drifting Sand, No. 18/1941|234
4|4.7 Act on Land Reclamation, No. 17/1965|235
3|5 Development in International Environmental Law|236
3|6 Contemporary Challenges|238
4|6.1 Climate Change|238
4|6.2 Agriculture and Land Use|239
4|6.3 Tourism|240
4|6.4 Land Use, Planning, and Development|241
4|6.5 Coherence with Other Institutional Structures|242
3|7 Proposed Legal Reform|242
4|7.1 Principles and Objectives|243
4|7.2 Institutions, Policy, and Consultation|243
4|7.3 Sustainable Land Management|243
4|7.4 Participation Approach in Soil Conservation|244
3|8 Conclusion|244
3|References|245
2|Greek Soil Law|247
3|1 Environmental Protection Law|247
3|2 Legislation on Desertification and Drought|249
3|3 Legislation on Agriculture|251
4|3.1 Fertilisers|251
4|3.2 Livestock Manure|253
4|3.3 Sewage Sludge|255
3|4 Legislation on Environmental Liability|258
3|5 Legislation on Waste|260
4|5.1 Legislation on Solid Waste|260
4|5.2 Legislation on Hazardous Waste|261
3|6 The Practice, Especially with Regard to Soil Remediation|265
4|6.1 The Trastic Enterprises Limited Case|265
4|6.2 The F.A. Hellas S.A. Case|267
4|6.3 The Abandoned Plant Case|268
4|6.4 The Bankrupted Plant Case|268
4|6.5 The Dumping Waste Case|269
4|6.6 The Soil Pollution Case on Military Grounds|269
4|6.7 Identification of Potentially Contaminated Sites Case|270
3|7 Conclusions|271
3|References|273
2|The French Law on Biodiversity and the Protection of Soils|279
3|1 Introduction|279
3|2 Can Soil Protection Regime Benefit from the Non-regression Principle?|281
4|2.1 A Constructive International Context|281
4|2.2 The Difficulty to Identify a Framework of Reference to Measure a Regression|282
3|3 The Protection of Soils by Their Integration to the Protection of Biological Processes and to the National Common Heritage|284
4|3.1 The Protection of Biological Processes Is a Progress for the Protection of Soils|284
4|3.2 The Recognition of Soils as an Element of the National Common Heritage|286
3|4 Conclusion|287
3|References|287
2|Implementing Land Degradation Neutrality at National Level: Legal Instruments in Germany|289
3|1 Law and LDN|289
4|1.1 Offsetting as Part of LDN|290
4|1.2 LDN Components to be Addressed by Legal Instruments|292
4|1.3 Soil Protection and LDN in the German Legal System|293
3|2 Legal Instruments in Germany for Addressing LDN|294
4|2.1 Prevention|294
4|2.2 Restoration and Rehabilitation|297
4|2.3 Offsetting and Land-Use Planning and Management|299
5|2.3.1 Legal Rules for Offsetting Land Degradation at Project and Activity Level|299
5|2.3.2 Area-Based Legal Instruments for Planning and Land Management|301
3|3 Assessment and Conclusions|306
3|References|308
2|The Community Consultation in the Scope of the Land Management in Mozambique|310
3|1 Introduction|310
3|2 The Legal Framework of the Community Consultation|311
4|2.1 The Legal Texts|311
4|2.2 Brief Presentation of the Legal Regime of the Community Consultation Procedure, Its Meaning and Limits|312
3|3 The Problems Related to Community Consultation|312
3|4 Problem Analysis and Proposed Solution|313
4|4.1 Clarification of the Concept and Meanings of Local Community|313
4|4.2 The Nature of the Powers Legally Attributed to the Local Community|313
4|4.3 The Administrative or Regulatory Measures Necessary to Promote Investment in Community Land|314
4|4.4 The Implications and Corrective Measures Required Under Decree Nr. 50/2007 of October 16|316
3|5 The Innovations of Ministerial Diploma Nr. 158/2011, from June 15, Approving the Procedures for Consultation of Local Commun...|318
3|6 Conclusions|320
3|References|320
3|Reports|321
3|Legislation|321
2|Who Owns Soil Carbon in Communal Lands? An Assessment of a Unique Property Right in Kenya|322
3|1 Introduction|322
3|2 The Link Between Climate Change, Carbon Rights and Community Land Tenure|323
3|3 Justification for Assessing Soil Carbon Property Rights|326
3|4 The Legal Status of Carbon|327
4|4.1 The Legal Status of Soil Carbon Under Kenyan Law|328
4|4.2 Carbon Under the Constitution and Statute Law|328
4|4.3 Carbon Under Common Law|330
3|5 Communal Land Tenure in Kenya|331
4|5.1 The Law on Community Land Tenure in Kenya|332
3|6 Conclusion: The Future of Soil Carbon Regulation in Kenya.|334
3|References|337
3|Articles/Books|337
3|Cases|338
3|Government Documents|338
3|Reports|338
3|Statutes|338
3|Treaties|339
2|The Use of Property Law Tools for Soil Protection|340
3|1 Introduction|340
3|2 Soil Protection and Land Conservation|343
3|3 Approaches to Land Conservation|343
4|3.1 Public Land Conservation|344
4|3.2 Private Land Conservation|345
3|4 Contracts for Land Conservation|346
3|5 Property Restrictions for Land Conservation|346
4|5.1 Possessory Interests|347
5|5.1.1 Full Fee Simple Absolute|347
5|5.1.2 Co-ownership (in Fee Simple Absolute)|348
5|5.1.3 Defeasible Fees|349
4|5.2 Nonpossessory Property Rights|350
5|5.2.1 Future Interests|350
5|5.2.2 Servitudes|351
5|5.2.3 Conservation Easements|352
5|5.2.4 Other Ideas|354
3|6 Conclusion|355
3|References|356
2|Thrifty Land Use by Spatial Planning Law: Considering the Swiss Concept|359
3|1 Introduction|359
3|2 Swiss Federal System|360
3|3 Swiss Planning Levels and a Brief Planning History|360
4|3.1 Swiss Confederation|361
5|3.1.1 Federal Planning Laws|361
5|3.1.2 Federal Planning Instruments|363
4|3.2 Cantons|363
5|3.2.1 Laws on Cantonal Spatial Planning|363
5|3.2.2 Cantonal Planning Instruments|364
5|3.2.3 Building Permission|365
4|3.3 Municipalities|365
5|3.3.1 Laws on Municipal Spatial Planning|365
5|3.3.2 Municipal Planning Instruments|365
6|The Legally Binding Zoning Plan|366
6|Land Exchange|367
5|3.3.3 Local Building Permission|367
3|4 Conclusions|368
3|5 Prospects|369
3|References|370
2|The Soil Conservation Protocol of the Alpine Convention: Why Was the Adoption Possible?|371
3|1 Introduction|371
3|2 The Difficulty of Issuing Rules on Soil Protection|372
4|2.1 Complexity of the Subject Matter Concerned|372
4|2.2 Variety of Issues Regulated by Soil Protection Laws|373
4|2.3 Soil Protection: A Horizontal Issue|374
4|2.4 Division of Powers|374
4|2.5 Ownership of Land|374
4|2.6 The Territory as Part of National Sovereignty|375
4|2.7 Lack of Soil Awareness|375
3|3 The Soil Conservation Protocol: Negotiating Process and Contents|376
3|4 `Recipe of Success´ of the Soil Conservation Protocol|379
4|4.1 Homogeneity of the Application Area|379
4|4.2 Awareness of the Need to Take Measure on Soil Protection|380
4|4.3 Expectation with Regard to the Soil Conservation Protocol|380
4|4.4 Widely Accepted Content|381
4|4.5 No Need to be Afraid of the Compliance Mechanism|382
3|5 Concluding Remarks|383
3|References|383
1|Part V: Cross-Cutting Topics|385
2|Soil Health, Sustainable Land Management and Land Degradation in Africa: Legal Options on the Need for a Specific African Soil...|386
3|1 Introduction|386
3|2 Evaluating the Soil Health and Land Degradation Situation in Africa|387
4|2.1 Overview of the Drivers of Land Degradation in Africa|388
4|2.2 The Impact of Climate Change on Soil Health and Land Management|390
3|3 Reviewing International Legal and Policy Instruments on Soil and Land Degradation Applicable to Africa|393
4|3.1 World Soils Charter and World Soil Policy|393
4|3.2 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Related Instruments|394
4|3.3 The Convention on Biological Diversity|396
4|3.4 The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|397
4|3.5 Intermittent Conclusion|399
3|4 Assessment of African Treaties and Policy Actions on Soil Health and Land Degradation|400
4|4.1 1968 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|400
4|4.2 2003 Revised African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|401
4|4.3 Maputo Declaration (2003) and the Malabo Declaration|403
3|5 Evaluating the Options: Is a Specific African Legal Instrument on Soil Management and Land Degradation Relevant?|404
4|5.1 An Africa-Specific Protocol Under the UNCCD|406
4|5.2 Implementation of the Revised African Convention|407
3|6 Conclusion|408
3|References|409
2|International Forest Regulation: Model for International Soil Governance|411
3|1 Introduction|411
3|2 Forests and Soils as Subjects to International Legal Regulation: A Conceptional Challenge|413
3|3 International Institutions and Instruments Covering Forests and Soils: A Multitude of Competences|416
3|4 International Law Covering Forests and Soils: Diverging Objectives|419
3|5 Options for Regulation and the Impact of Fragmentation|421
4|5.1 The Impact of the Status Quo: The Current International Regime on Forests and Soils|421
4|5.2 The Impact of Fragmentation|424
5|5.2.1 The Concept of Fragmentation in International Law|424
5|5.2.2 Fragmentation in International Soil and Forest Governance|425
4|5.3 Coordinative Approaches|426
3|6 Conclusions|427
3|References|428
2|The Sustainable Management of Soils as a Common Concern of Humankind: How to Implement It?|431
3|1 Introduction|431
3|2 Sustainable Management of Soils as a Common Concern of Humankind|432
4|2.1 Theoretical Contents|433
4|2.2 Sustainable Management of Soils as a Common Concern of Humankind|434
4|2.3 Challenges from a Soil Perspective with Regard to Implementation|436
4|2.4 Status Quo of International Soil Protection Law with Regard to an Effective Implementation|437
5|2.4.1 Treaty Law Provisions|437
5|2.4.2 Objective of a ``Land Degradation Neutral World´´|438
4|2.5 Intermediate Conclusions|439
3|3 Analysis of Regime of Other Topics Being Regarded as a Common Concern of Humankind|439
3|4 Deep Seabed Mining (DSM) Under Part XI of UNCLOS|441
4|4.1 Comparability of the Principles of Common Heritage of Humankind and Common Concern of Humankind|442
4|4.2 Implementation by Sponsoring States|443
5|4.2.1 Due Diligence Obligation|443
5|4.2.2 Direct Obligations|444
4|4.3 Conclusion for Implementation Approaches of Common Interest of Humankind for Soils|445
3|5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook|446
3|References|447
2|Development of Soil Awareness in Europe and Other Regions: Historical and Ethical Reflections About European (and Internationa...|449
3|1 Historical Milestones of Soil Protection Law|449
3|2 Phases of EU Soil Protection Law|455
3|3 Soil Protection in International Law|458
3|4 Toward a New Soil Ethics|463
3|5 Conclusion|470
3|References|471
2|INSPIRATION: Stakeholder Perspectives on Future Research Needs in Soil, Land Use, and Land Management-Towards a Strategic Rese...|473
3|1 Introduction|473
3|2 The INSPIRATION Project|474
4|2.1 Scope and Workflow|474
4|2.2 INSPIRATION´s Conceptual Model|476
4|2.3 Collating and Structuring the Identified Research Needs|478
3|3 Transnational Research Topics|479
4|3.1 Clustered Thematic Topics (CCTs)|480
5|3.1.1 Demand|480
5|3.1.2 Natural Capital|481
5|3.1.3 Land Management|482
5|3.1.4 Net Impact|483
4|3.2 Integrated Research Themes (IRTs)|485
5|3.2.1 IRT Group ``From Information to Implementation´´|485
6|IRT 1: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Soil Monitoring for Europe|485
6|IRT-2: Recognizing the Values of Ecosystem Services in Land Use Decisions|486
6|IRT-3: From Indicators to Implementation: Integrated Tools for a Holistic Assessment of Agricultural and Forest Land Use|486
5|3.2.2 IRT Group ``FFFF: Demand, Potentials and Risks´´|487
6|IRT-4: Bio-Economy-Unleashing the Potential While Sustaining Soils|487
6|IRT-5: Integrated Scenarios for the Land-Soil-Water-Food Nexus Under Societal Pressures and Challenges|487
6|IRT-6: Indicators for Assessing the Efficiency of the Soil-Sediment-Water-Energy Nexus of Resources|488
6|IRT-7: Farming Systems to Maintain Soil Fertility While Meeting Demand for Agricultural Products|488
5|3.2.3 IRT Group ``Challenge: Integrated Urban Management´´|489
6|IRT-8: Circular Land Management|489
6|IRT-9: Policies to Effectively Reduce Land Consumption for Settlement Development|489
6|IRT-10: Stakeholder Participation to Facilitate the Development of Livable Cities|490
6|IRT-11: Integrated Management of Soils in Urban Areas|490
6|IRT-12: Environmentally Friendly and Socially Sensitive Urban Development|491
6|IRT-13: Urban Metabolism-Enhance Efficient Use of Soil-Sediment-Water Resources Through a Closing of Urban Material Loops|491
5|3.2.4 IRT ``Disturbed Landscapes´´|492
6|IRT-14: ``Emerging Contaminants´´ in Soil and Groundwater-Ensuring Long-Term Provision of Drinking Water as Well as Soil and F...|492
6|IRT-15: Sustainable Management to Restore the Ecological and Socioeconomic Values of Degraded Land|492
6|IRT-16: Innovative Technologies and Eco-Engineering 4.0: Challenges for Sustainable Use of Agricultural, Forestry and Urban La...|493
5|3.2.5 IRT Group ``Climate Change Challenges´´|493
6|IRT-17: Climate Change Challenges-Improving Preparedness for and Responses to Climate Conditions and Related Hazards|493
3|4 Outlook|494
3|References|494
1|Contents|9
1|Part I: Greetings|12
2|Greetings|13
1|Part II: The Theme: Soil and Sustainable Agriculture|15
2|Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture: Impacts on Sustainable Soil Management|16
3|1 Introduction|16
3|2 Soil Quality|19
3|3 Regional Models of Sustainable Intensification and Impact on Soil Quality|21
3|4 Economic and Behavioural Aspects of Managing Soil Quality|22
3|5 Conclusions|23
3|References|24
2|Voluntary Guidelines for Sustainable Soil Management: Global Action for Healthy Soils|26
3|1 Soil and the Sustainability Agenda|26
4|1.1 Introduction|26
4|1.2 Soils and the Environmental Sustainability Agenda|27
4|1.3 Global Soil Partnership: Action for Sustainable Soil Management|28
3|2 Action for Soil Protection and Rehabilitation|30
4|2.1 Soil Functions|30
4|2.2 Target Areas for Action: The Status of the World´s Soil Resources (SWSR) Report|31
4|2.3 Revised World Soil Charter: Foundation for the VGSSM|33
3|3 Development and Adoption of the VGSSM|34
4|3.1 Consultation Process|34
5|3.1.1 Initial Process: Concept Note for VGSSM|34
5|3.1.2 Zero-Order VGSSM and Public E-Consultation|34
5|3.1.3 First-Order VGSSM and Open-Ended Working Group|34
4|3.2 Adoption of the VGSSM|35
3|4 Nature of the VGSSM|35
4|4.1 Objectives of the VGSSM|35
4|4.2 Content of the VGSSM|36
3|5 Other Initiatives That Include Sustainable Soil Management|39
4|5.1 Conservation Agriculture|39
4|5.2 Organic Farming/Organic Agriculture|40
4|5.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture|40
4|5.4 Integrated Soil-Fertility Management|41
4|5.5 Sustainable Land Management|41
4|5.6 Agroecology|42
4|5.7 Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)|43
3|6 Challenges to Implement the VGSSM|43
3|References|44
2|Soil Degradation Through Agriculture in China: Its Extent, Impacts and Implications for Environmental Law Reform|46
3|1 Introduction|46
3|2 Defining Soil Degradation|49
3|3 Soil Degradation in China: Typologies, Causes and Impacts|51
4|3.1 Typologies and Causes of Soil Degradation in China|51
5|3.1.1 Soil Erosion|52
5|3.1.2 Soil Desertification|53
5|3.1.3 Soil Salinisation|54
5|3.1.4 Soil Sterility|54
5|3.1.5 Soil Pollution|55
4|3.2 Impacts of Soil Degradation in China|57
5|3.2.1 Production Losses|57
5|3.2.2 Food Safety Crisis|58
5|3.2.3 Food Security|58
5|3.2.4 Other Impacts|59
3|4 Soil Degradation and Its Implications for Environmental Law Reform of China|60
4|4.1 Legal Frameworks Governing Soil Degradation in China: An Overview|60
4|4.2 The Role of Environmental Legislation in Soil Degradation Control|61
5|4.2.1 Farmland Protection|61
5|4.2.2 Desertification Prevention and Control|61
5|4.2.3 Soil Erosion Prevention and Control|62
5|4.2.4 Grassland and Forestry Protection|62
5|4.2.5 Soil Pollution Prevention and Control|62
3|5 Addressing Challenges by Reforming the Environmental Regulatory System|65
4|5.1 Lessons Learned from the International Society|65
4|5.2 Bridge Gaps by Reforming the Environmental Legal System of China|66
3|6 Concluding Remarks|68
3|References|69
2|Soil Legislation and Policy in the Kyrgyz Republic on the Development of the Law ``On Soil Fertility Protection of Agricultura...|73
3|1 Introduction|73
3|2 The Legal Framework for Land Management|74
3|3 Land Reform|75
3|4 Legislative Improvement|78
3|5 The Law on Soil Fertility Protection of Agricultural Lands|78
3|6 Conclusion|79
3|References|80
2|Current Status and Improvement of Institutional Base of Solving Soil Degradation and Low Agricultural Productivity Problems in...|82
3|1 Introduction|82
4|1.1 Current State of Soil Cover, Soil and Land Degradation in the Republic of Tajikistan|83
3|2 Legislative System of the Republic of Tajikistan: Procedure of Development, Discussion, Acceptance, and Monitoring of the Im...|87
4|2.1 The Current Laws and Legislative Acts on Soil Protection and Sustainable Land Management: Advantages and Disadvantages|92
3|3 Current State and Perspective of Agricultural Sector Development in the Republic of Tajikistan|97
3|4 Recommendations to Improve Agriculture and the Legislative Base for Soil Protection and Sustainable Land Management|102
3|5 Conclusion|105
3|References|107
2|Governance of Pastoral Lands|108
3|1 Introduction|108
4|1.1 Pastoral Land|110
4|1.2 The Value of Pastoral Land|110
3|2 Pastoral Land Rights|111
4|2.1 Customary Land Tenure|112
4|2.2 Rights and Duties to Use|113
3|3 International Principles|114
4|3.1 Principle 1: Good Governance|114
4|3.2 Principle 2: Sustainable Development, Integration, and Interdependence|114
4|3.3 Principle 3: Intergenerational and Intragenerational Equity|115
4|3.4 Principle 4: Responsibility for Transboundary Harm|116
4|3.5 Principle 5: Transparency, Public Participation, and Access to Information and Solutions|116
4|3.6 Principle 6: Cooperation and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities|116
4|3.7 Principle 7: Precaution|117
4|3.8 Principle 8: Prevention|117
4|3.9 Principle 9: Polluter Pays Principle|118
4|3.10 Principle 10: Access and Benefit Sharing Regarding Natural Resources|118
4|3.11 Principle 11: Common Heritage and Common Concern of Humankind|119
3|4 Pastoral Land Policy|119
4|4.1 Developing a National Pastoral Land Strategy|120
4|4.2 Enabling Policies|121
4|4.3 Research and Extension Systems|121
3|5 Defining National Legislation Relevant to Pastoralism|121
4|5.1 Legal and Institutional Elements|122
5|5.1.1 Relevant Institutional Framework|122
5|5.1.2 Transboundary Agreements|123
5|5.1.3 Resolution of Transboundary Disputes|124
5|5.1.4 Pastoral Land Institution|124
5|5.1.5 Monitoring|125
5|5.1.6 Community Participation in Pastoral Land-Use Decision Making|125
5|5.1.7 Information for Interested Persons|126
5|5.1.8 Right to Information|126
5|5.1.9 Procedure to Obtain Information|126
5|5.1.10 Pastoral Land Information and Knowledge|126
5|5.1.11 Mobility|127
5|5.1.12 Enforcement|127
5|5.1.13 Access to Justice|128
5|5.1.14 Dispute Resolution|128
3|6 Conclusion|129
3|References|130
2|Uncertainty of Land Tenure and the Effects of Sustainability if Agriculture in the United States|132
3|1 Introduction|132
3|2 Land Tenure and Land Tenure Security|133
3|3 Leasing|135
4|3.1 Introduction|135
4|3.2 Predominance and Nature of Leasing in the United States|136
4|3.3 Absentee and Nonproducer Landlords|138
4|3.4 Leasing and Sustainable Agriculture|139
3|4 Conservation Easements|142
4|4.1 Introduction|142
4|4.2 Conservation Easements and Land Tenure|143
5|4.2.1 Overview|143
5|4.2.2 Amending Conservation Easements|145
5|4.2.3 Terms That Do Not Support Agriculture/Conflicting Easement Objectives|147
5|4.2.4 Conservation Easements and Sustainable Agriculture Conclusions|150
3|5 Heirs Property|151
4|5.1 Introduction|151
4|5.2 Tenancy in Common|152
4|5.3 Heirs Property and Sustainable Agriculture|153
3|6 Conclusions|154
3|References|155
2|Soil Data Needs for Sustainable Agriculture|157
3|1 Introduction|157
3|2 Sustainable Agriculture|158
3|3 Soil Quality Data|159
3|4 Soil Erosion|165
4|4.1 Water Erosion|165
4|4.2 Wind Erosion|169
3|5 Data Availability|170
3|6 Conclusions|171
3|References|171
2|Import Regulations and Certification as a Means to Enforce Sustainable Agriculture Abroad|173
3|1 Introduction|173
3|2 Conflicting Goals for the Use of Bioenergy|174
4|2.1 Biomass for Energy|174
4|2.2 Socio-Economic Effects|174
5|2.2.1 Bioenergy for Socio-Economic Development|174
5|2.2.2 Adverse Effects|175
4|2.3 Environmental Impacts|175
5|2.3.1 Bioenergy for Climate Mitigation|175
5|2.3.2 Adverse Environmental Impact|176
4|2.4 The Export of Conflicts Through the Import of Bioenergy|176
3|3 The Sustainability Criteria for Biofuels and Bioliquids|178
4|3.1 Scope and Legal Consequences|178
5|3.1.1 Biofuels and Bioliquids|178
5|3.1.2 The Twofold Incentive for Compliance|178
5|3.1.3 Analysis|179
4|3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Balance|179
5|3.2.1 Maximum Emission Level|180
5|3.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment|180
5|3.2.3 Analysis|180
4|3.3 Direct Land-Use Changes: The Introduction of `No-Go Areas´|181
5|3.3.1 The Exclusion of Carbon Sinks|181
5|3.3.2 The Exclusion of Biodiverse Areas|182
5|3.3.3 Analysis|182
4|3.4 Unresolved Issues|183
5|3.4.1 Agricultural Standards|183
5|3.4.2 Socio-Economic Impacts|184
4|3.5 Conclusion|185
3|4 Compliance|186
4|4.1 The Recognition Mechanism|186
4|4.2 The Recognised Certification Systems|187
4|4.3 Analysis|188
3|5 Conclusion|190
4|5.1 The Impact of the Sustainability Criteria|190
4|5.2 The Benefit of Certification Systems in the Case of Imports|191
4|5.3 The Way Ahead|192
3|References|193
1|Part III: Recent Developments of Soil Regulation at International Level|195
2|Implementing Land Degradation Neutrality (SDG 15.3) at National Level: General Approach, Indicator Selection and Experiences f...|196
3|1 Introduction|196
3|2 Concept and Main Elements of Land Degradation and Land Degradation Neutrality|197
4|2.1 What Is `Land Degradation´?|198
4|2.2 What Is `Land Degradation Neutrality´?|199
4|2.3 International Agreements on Indicator Selection and Monitoring of LDN|201
3|3 Steps and Guiding Questions to Implement LDN on a National Level|203
4|3.1 Define and Tailor LDN in the National Context|204
4|3.2 Define Suitable Indicators|205
4|3.3 Define Baseline and Set Targets|205
4|3.4 Specify the Spatial Dimension|206
4|3.5 Determine Compensation Mechanisms|207
4|3.6 Set Up and Maintain LDN Monitoring System|209
4|3.7 Improve Enabling Environment|210
3|4 German Activities to Kick-Start the Implementation of LDN|211
4|4.1 SDG Implementation in National Policies|211
4|4.2 A Research Project Helps to Kick-Start the Process|211
3|5 Land Use Change as a Proxy Indicator for LDN|213
4|5.1 Categories for Land Use and Land-Use Change|214
4|5.2 Integration of the Hemeroby Concept into a Land-Use Classification|216
4|5.3 Consideration of Land-Use Intensity and Changes in Land Management|219
5|5.3.1 Share of Sustainable Forest Management (Categories 1 and 2)|219
5|5.3.2 Share of Organic Farming (Categories 3 and 4)|220
5|5.3.3 Share of Unsealed Land in the Category of Areas for Settlement and Traffic (Category 6)|220
4|5.4 Outlook on LDN Monitoring in Germany and Conclusion|222
3|References|222
1|Part IV: National and Regional Soil Legislation|225
2|Reform of the Icelandic Soil Conservation Law|226
3|1 Introduction|226
3|2 Contextual Framework for Understanding Soil Resource Governance|227
3|3 Soils of Iceland|228
3|4 Understanding Soil Governance in Iceland from a Historical Perspective|230
4|4.1 Act on the Protection of Forests, Shrubs, Moss and Heather, 1891|231
4|4.2 Act on Protection against the Drifting Sand and Land Reclamation, No. 6/1895|231
4|4.3 Act on Forestry and Protection against Soil Erosion, No. 54/1907|232
4|4.4 Act on Land Reclamation, No. 20/1914|232
4|4.5 Act on Sand Reclamation, No. 45/1923|233
4|4.6 Act Concerning Soil Reclamation and the Prevention of Drifting Sand, No. 18/1941|234
4|4.7 Act on Land Reclamation, No. 17/1965|235
3|5 Development in International Environmental Law|236
3|6 Contemporary Challenges|238
4|6.1 Climate Change|238
4|6.2 Agriculture and Land Use|239
4|6.3 Tourism|240
4|6.4 Land Use, Planning, and Development|241
4|6.5 Coherence with Other Institutional Structures|242
3|7 Proposed Legal Reform|242
4|7.1 Principles and Objectives|243
4|7.2 Institutions, Policy, and Consultation|243
4|7.3 Sustainable Land Management|243
4|7.4 Participation Approach in Soil Conservation|244
3|8 Conclusion|244
3|References|245
2|Greek Soil Law|247
3|1 Environmental Protection Law|247
3|2 Legislation on Desertification and Drought|249
3|3 Legislation on Agriculture|251
4|3.1 Fertilisers|251
4|3.2 Livestock Manure|253
4|3.3 Sewage Sludge|255
3|4 Legislation on Environmental Liability|258
3|5 Legislation on Waste|260
4|5.1 Legislation on Solid Waste|260
4|5.2 Legislation on Hazardous Waste|261
3|6 The Practice, Especially with Regard to Soil Remediation|265
4|6.1 The Trastic Enterprises Limited Case|265
4|6.2 The F.A. Hellas S.A. Case|267
4|6.3 The Abandoned Plant Case|268
4|6.4 The Bankrupted Plant Case|268
4|6.5 The Dumping Waste Case|269
4|6.6 The Soil Pollution Case on Military Grounds|269
4|6.7 Identification of Potentially Contaminated Sites Case|270
3|7 Conclusions|271
3|References|273
2|The French Law on Biodiversity and the Protection of Soils|279
3|1 Introduction|279
3|2 Can Soil Protection Regime Benefit from the Non-regression Principle?|281
4|2.1 A Constructive International Context|281
4|2.2 The Difficulty to Identify a Framework of Reference to Measure a Regression|282
3|3 The Protection of Soils by Their Integration to the Protection of Biological Processes and to the National Common Heritage|284
4|3.1 The Protection of Biological Processes Is a Progress for the Protection of Soils|284
4|3.2 The Recognition of Soils as an Element of the National Common Heritage|286
3|4 Conclusion|287
3|References|287
2|Implementing Land Degradation Neutrality at National Level: Legal Instruments in Germany|289
3|1 Law and LDN|289
4|1.1 Offsetting as Part of LDN|290
4|1.2 LDN Components to be Addressed by Legal Instruments|292
4|1.3 Soil Protection and LDN in the German Legal System|293
3|2 Legal Instruments in Germany for Addressing LDN|294
4|2.1 Prevention|294
4|2.2 Restoration and Rehabilitation|297
4|2.3 Offsetting and Land-Use Planning and Management|299
5|2.3.1 Legal Rules for Offsetting Land Degradation at Project and Activity Level|299
5|2.3.2 Area-Based Legal Instruments for Planning and Land Management|301
3|3 Assessment and Conclusions|306
3|References|308
2|The Community Consultation in the Scope of the Land Management in Mozambique|310
3|1 Introduction|310
3|2 The Legal Framework of the Community Consultation|311
4|2.1 The Legal Texts|311
4|2.2 Brief Presentation of the Legal Regime of the Community Consultation Procedure, Its Meaning and Limits|312
3|3 The Problems Related to Community Consultation|312
3|4 Problem Analysis and Proposed Solution|313
4|4.1 Clarification of the Concept and Meanings of Local Community|313
4|4.2 The Nature of the Powers Legally Attributed to the Local Community|313
4|4.3 The Administrative or Regulatory Measures Necessary to Promote Investment in Community Land|314
4|4.4 The Implications and Corrective Measures Required Under Decree Nr. 50/2007 of October 16|316
3|5 The Innovations of Ministerial Diploma Nr. 158/2011, from June 15, Approving the Procedures for Consultation of Local Commun...|318
3|6 Conclusions|320
3|References|320
3|Reports|321
3|Legislation|321
2|Who Owns Soil Carbon in Communal Lands? An Assessment of a Unique Property Right in Kenya|322
3|1 Introduction|322
3|2 The Link Between Climate Change, Carbon Rights and Community Land Tenure|323
3|3 Justification for Assessing Soil Carbon Property Rights|326
3|4 The Legal Status of Carbon|327
4|4.1 The Legal Status of Soil Carbon Under Kenyan Law|328
4|4.2 Carbon Under the Constitution and Statute Law|328
4|4.3 Carbon Under Common Law|330
3|5 Communal Land Tenure in Kenya|331
4|5.1 The Law on Community Land Tenure in Kenya|332
3|6 Conclusion: The Future of Soil Carbon Regulation in Kenya.|334
3|References|337
3|Articles/Books|337
3|Cases|338
3|Government Documents|338
3|Reports|338
3|Statutes|338
3|Treaties|339
2|The Use of Property Law Tools for Soil Protection|340
3|1 Introduction|340
3|2 Soil Protection and Land Conservation|343
3|3 Approaches to Land Conservation|343
4|3.1 Public Land Conservation|344
4|3.2 Private Land Conservation|345
3|4 Contracts for Land Conservation|346
3|5 Property Restrictions for Land Conservation|346
4|5.1 Possessory Interests|347
5|5.1.1 Full Fee Simple Absolute|347
5|5.1.2 Co-ownership (in Fee Simple Absolute)|348
5|5.1.3 Defeasible Fees|349
4|5.2 Nonpossessory Property Rights|350
5|5.2.1 Future Interests|350
5|5.2.2 Servitudes|351
5|5.2.3 Conservation Easements|352
5|5.2.4 Other Ideas|354
3|6 Conclusion|355
3|References|356
2|Thrifty Land Use by Spatial Planning Law: Considering the Swiss Concept|359
3|1 Introduction|359
3|2 Swiss Federal System|360
3|3 Swiss Planning Levels and a Brief Planning History|360
4|3.1 Swiss Confederation|361
5|3.1.1 Federal Planning Laws|361
5|3.1.2 Federal Planning Instruments|363
4|3.2 Cantons|363
5|3.2.1 Laws on Cantonal Spatial Planning|363
5|3.2.2 Cantonal Planning Instruments|364
5|3.2.3 Building Permission|365
4|3.3 Municipalities|365
5|3.3.1 Laws on Municipal Spatial Planning|365
5|3.3.2 Municipal Planning Instruments|365
6|The Legally Binding Zoning Plan|366
6|Land Exchange|367
5|3.3.3 Local Building Permission|367
3|4 Conclusions|368
3|5 Prospects|369
3|References|370
2|The Soil Conservation Protocol of the Alpine Convention: Why Was the Adoption Possible?|371
3|1 Introduction|371
3|2 The Difficulty of Issuing Rules on Soil Protection|372
4|2.1 Complexity of the Subject Matter Concerned|372
4|2.2 Variety of Issues Regulated by Soil Protection Laws|373
4|2.3 Soil Protection: A Horizontal Issue|374
4|2.4 Division of Powers|374
4|2.5 Ownership of Land|374
4|2.6 The Territory as Part of National Sovereignty|375
4|2.7 Lack of Soil Awareness|375
3|3 The Soil Conservation Protocol: Negotiating Process and Contents|376
3|4 `Recipe of Success´ of the Soil Conservation Protocol|379
4|4.1 Homogeneity of the Application Area|379
4|4.2 Awareness of the Need to Take Measure on Soil Protection|380
4|4.3 Expectation with Regard to the Soil Conservation Protocol|380
4|4.4 Widely Accepted Content|381
4|4.5 No Need to be Afraid of the Compliance Mechanism|382
3|5 Concluding Remarks|383
3|References|383
1|Part V: Cross-Cutting Topics|385
2|Soil Health, Sustainable Land Management and Land Degradation in Africa: Legal Options on the Need for a Specific African Soil...|386
3|1 Introduction|386
3|2 Evaluating the Soil Health and Land Degradation Situation in Africa|387
4|2.1 Overview of the Drivers of Land Degradation in Africa|388
4|2.2 The Impact of Climate Change on Soil Health and Land Management|390
3|3 Reviewing International Legal and Policy Instruments on Soil and Land Degradation Applicable to Africa|393
4|3.1 World Soils Charter and World Soil Policy|393
4|3.2 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Related Instruments|394
4|3.3 The Convention on Biological Diversity|396
4|3.4 The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|397
4|3.5 Intermittent Conclusion|399
3|4 Assessment of African Treaties and Policy Actions on Soil Health and Land Degradation|400
4|4.1 1968 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|400
4|4.2 2003 Revised African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|401
4|4.3 Maputo Declaration (2003) and the Malabo Declaration|403
3|5 Evaluating the Options: Is a Specific African Legal Instrument on Soil Management and Land Degradation Relevant?|404
4|5.1 An Africa-Specific Protocol Under the UNCCD|406
4|5.2 Implementation of the Revised African Convention|407
3|6 Conclusion|408
3|References|409
2|International Forest Regulation: Model for International Soil Governance|411
3|1 Introduction|411
3|2 Forests and Soils as Subjects to International Legal Regulation: A Conceptional Challenge|413
3|3 International Institutions and Instruments Covering Forests and Soils: A Multitude of Competences|416
3|4 International Law Covering Forests and Soils: Diverging Objectives|419
3|5 Options for Regulation and the Impact of Fragmentation|421
4|5.1 The Impact of the Status Quo: The Current International Regime on Forests and Soils|421
4|5.2 The Impact of Fragmentation|424
5|5.2.1 The Concept of Fragmentation in International Law|424
5|5.2.2 Fragmentation in International Soil and Forest Governance|425
4|5.3 Coordinative Approaches|426
3|6 Conclusions|427
3|References|428
2|The Sustainable Management of Soils as a Common Concern of Humankind: How to Implement It?|431
3|1 Introduction|431
3|2 Sustainable Management of Soils as a Common Concern of Humankind|432
4|2.1 Theoretical Contents|433
4|2.2 Sustainable Management of Soils as a Common Concern of Humankind|434
4|2.3 Challenges from a Soil Perspective with Regard to Implementation|436
4|2.4 Status Quo of International Soil Protection Law with Regard to an Effective Implementation|437
5|2.4.1 Treaty Law Provisions|437
5|2.4.2 Objective of a ``Land Degradation Neutral World´´|438
4|2.5 Intermediate Conclusions|439
3|3 Analysis of Regime of Other Topics Being Regarded as a Common Concern of Humankind|439
3|4 Deep Seabed Mining (DSM) Under Part XI of UNCLOS|441
4|4.1 Comparability of the Principles of Common Heritage of Humankind and Common Concern of Humankind|442
4|4.2 Implementation by Sponsoring States|443
5|4.2.1 Due Diligence Obligation|443
5|4.2.2 Direct Obligations|444
4|4.3 Conclusion for Implementation Approaches of Common Interest of Humankind for Soils|445
3|5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook|446
3|References|447
2|Development of Soil Awareness in Europe and Other Regions: Historical and Ethical Reflections About European (and Internationa...|449
3|1 Historical Milestones of Soil Protection Law|449
3|2 Phases of EU Soil Protection Law|455
3|3 Soil Protection in International Law|458
3|4 Toward a New Soil Ethics|463
3|5 Conclusion|470
3|References|471
2|INSPIRATION: Stakeholder Perspectives on Future Research Needs in Soil, Land Use, and Land Management-Towards a Strategic Rese...|473
3|1 Introduction|473
3|2 The INSPIRATION Project|474
4|2.1 Scope and Workflow|474
4|2.2 INSPIRATION´s Conceptual Model|476
4|2.3 Collating and Structuring the Identified Research Needs|478
3|3 Transnational Research Topics|479
4|3.1 Clustered Thematic Topics (CCTs)|480
5|3.1.1 Demand|480
5|3.1.2 Natural Capital|481
5|3.1.3 Land Management|482
5|3.1.4 Net Impact|483
4|3.2 Integrated Research Themes (IRTs)|485
5|3.2.1 IRT Group ``From Information to Implementation´´|485
6|IRT 1: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Soil Monitoring for Europe|485
6|IRT-2: Recognizing the Values of Ecosystem Services in Land Use Decisions|486
6|IRT-3: From Indicators to Implementation: Integrated Tools for a Holistic Assessment of Agricultural and Forest Land Use|486
5|3.2.2 IRT Group ``FFFF: Demand, Potentials and Risks´´|487
6|IRT-4: Bio-Economy-Unleashing the Potential While Sustaining Soils|487
6|IRT-5: Integrated Scenarios for the Land-Soil-Water-Food Nexus Under Societal Pressures and Challenges|487
6|IRT-6: Indicators for Assessing the Efficiency of the Soil-Sediment-Water-Energy Nexus of Resources|488
6|IRT-7: Farming Systems to Maintain Soil Fertility While Meeting Demand for Agricultural Products|488
5|3.2.3 IRT Group ``Challenge: Integrated Urban Management´´|489
6|IRT-8: Circular Land Management|489
6|IRT-9: Policies to Effectively Reduce Land Consumption for Settlement Development|489
6|IRT-10: Stakeholder Participation to Facilitate the Development of Livable Cities|490
6|IRT-11: Integrated Management of Soils in Urban Areas|490
6|IRT-12: Environmentally Friendly and Socially Sensitive Urban Development|491
6|IRT-13: Urban Metabolism-Enhance Efficient Use of Soil-Sediment-Water Resources Through a Closing of Urban Material Loops|491
5|3.2.4 IRT ``Disturbed Landscapes´´|492
6|IRT-14: ``Emerging Contaminants´´ in Soil and Groundwater-Ensuring Long-Term Provision of Drinking Water as Well as Soil and F...|492
6|IRT-15: Sustainable Management to Restore the Ecological and Socioeconomic Values of Degraded Land|492
6|IRT-16: Innovative Technologies and Eco-Engineering 4.0: Challenges for Sustainable Use of Agricultural, Forestry and Urban La...|493
5|3.2.5 IRT Group ``Climate Change Challenges´´|493
6|IRT-17: Climate Change Challenges-Improving Preparedness for and Responses to Climate Conditions and Related Hazards|493
3|4 Outlook|494
3|References|494