File #2607: "2019_Book_JudgingInternationalHumanRight.pdf"
Testo
1|Preface|6
1|Contents|8
1|About the Contributors|11
1|Part I: General Introduction|14
2|Introduction|15
3|References|30
2|The International Court of Justice and Its Contribution to Human Rights Law|31
3|1 Introduction|32
3|2 References by the ICJ to Decisions of Human Rights Bodies|34
4|2.1 Introduction|34
4|2.2 An Evolving Approach to Case Law by Others|34
4|2.3 Conclusion|41
3|3 The Attitude of a General Court Toward the Position of the Individual|42
4|3.1 General Contribution by the ICJ|42
4|3.2 Diplomatic Protection or Human Rights Protection?|43
4|3.3 Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties and Armed Conflict|49
4|3.4 Provisional Measures Involving Human Beings|52
3|4 Conclusion|58
3|References|59
2|The Domestic Implementation of Judgments/Decisions of Courts and Other International Bodies That Involve International Human R...|63
3|1 Introduction|64
3|2 Work of the Committee|65
3|3 The Obligations of States Parties to Comply with Judgments or Decisions of Judicial or Quasi-Judicial International Bodies D...|65
4|3.1 The Legal Bases of the Obligation to Comply with Human Rights Decisions|65
4|3.2 Jurisprudence on the State Party´s Obligation to Comply with Adverse Human Rights Judgments and Decisions|69
5|3.2.1 Human Rights Courts|69
5|3.2.2 Quasi-Judicial Bodies|75
4|3.3 The Obligation to Comply with Jurisprudence in Matters of Human Rights When the State Was Not a Party to the Litigation|79
3|4 Contents of ``Good Faith´´ Compliance and ``Good´´ or ``Best Practice´´|81
4|4.1 ``Good Faith´´|81
4|4.2 ``Good Practices´´|83
3|5 Country-Based Case Studies|85
4|5.1 Argentina|86
4|5.2 Australia|87
4|5.3 Bangladesh|88
4|5.4 Brazil|88
4|5.5 Canada|89
4|5.6 China|90
4|5.7 Colombia|91
4|5.8 Denmark|92
4|5.9 France|93
4|5.10 Germany|94
4|5.11 India|95
4|5.12 Italy|96
4|5.13 Japan|97
4|5.14 Mexico|98
4|5.15 Netherlands|99
4|5.16 Russia|100
4|5.17 Slovenia|102
4|5.18 South Africa|102
4|5.19 United Kingdom|103
4|5.20 United States of America|104
3|6 Conclusions|105
3|References|109
1|Part II: International and Regional Courts of General Jurisdiction as Human Rights Courts|113
2|The International Court of Justice and Diplomatic Protection|114
3|1 Introduction|115
3|2 Individual Rights Recognized Under International Law Without International Means of Enforcement for Individuals|116
4|2.1 Traditional Views|116
4|2.2 Views Adopted by the ICJ in LaGrand and in Avena|117
3|3 Content of the International Responsibility of a State for Its Violation of Individual Rights Recognized Under International...|120
4|3.1 Legal Consequences of a Violation of Individual Rights Recognized Under International Law: General Principles|120
4|3.2 Legal Consequences of a Violation of Human Rights Recognized Under the Conventions: Principles Specific to Human Rights Law|122
4|3.3 Legal Consequences of a Violation of Individual Rights Recognized Under International Law in the Context of Inter-State Di...|125
5|3.3.1 Violation of Individual Rights and Non-pecuniary Remedies: LaGrand and Avena|125
5|3.3.2 Violation of Individual Rights and Pecuniary Remedies: ICJ Diallo and ECtHR Cyprus v Turkey|128
3|4 Invocation of State Responsibility by a State for the Violation of Individual Rights Recognized Under International Law|131
4|4.1 Invocation of the Responsibility by a State Whose Nationals´ Individual Rights Were Violated: Diplomatic Protection|131
4|4.2 Invocation of the Responsibility by a State Other Than an Injured State|133
3|5 Concluding Remarks|135
3|References|137
2|The International Court of Justice and Provisional Measures Involving the Fate of Persons|138
3|1 Introduction|139
3|2 Provisional Measures and General Interest Obligations|140
4|2.1 Introduction|140
4|2.2 Non-aggravation of the Dispute: Environment, Peace, Human Rights|140
4|2.3 Recommendations to the Parties in the Interest of Peaceful Settlement|143
4|2.4 2007 Onward: Less Interest in the General Interest, Or Simply a More Cautious Approach?|143
3|3 The Binding Nature of ICJ´s Provisional Measures|148
3|4 The ICJ´s Approach to Traditional Aspects of Provisional Measures in Cases Involving the Fate of Individuals|150
4|4.1 Introduction|150
4|4.2 Prima Facie (Lack of) Jurisdiction on the Merits?|150
4|4.3 No Overlap with the Main Claim|156
4|4.4 A Relation to the Main Claim: The Link Requirement|157
4|4.5 Meeting Procedural Requirements|161
3|5 A Stricter Approach: Demanding Evidence of Plausibility|162
3|6 Follow-Up by the ICJ on Its Orders for Provisional Measures|169
3|7 Conclusion|178
3|References|179
2|The European Court of Justice and Human Rights Law|182
3|1 Introduction|182
3|2 The ECJ, Constitutional Courts, and the ECHR|184
4|2.1 Fundamental Rights in EU Law|184
5|2.1.1 Colliding Claims to Supremacy: The European Union and National Constitutional Courts|184
5|2.1.2 The Role of the ECHR and the ECtHR in ECJ Case Law|186
6|The Impact of the ECHR on the Development of EU Fundamental Rights|186
6|Binding Effect|188
5|2.1.3 Conflicts of Jurisdiction: The Example of Germany|192
6|The Constitutional Court and Fundamental Rights of the EU|192
6|The ECtHR and Domestic Constitutional Law|193
5|2.1.4 Interim Conclusions|195
4|2.2 The EU Under the ECHR?|196
5|2.2.1 Jurisdiction of the ECtHR Over EU Matters|196
5|2.2.2 Accession of the European Union to the ECHR|198
6|The Draft Accession Agreement|198
6|Potential Consequences of Accession|200
6|The ECJ Opinion|202
3|3 The ECJ and Other Human Rights Treaties|204
3|4 Conclusions|206
3|References|207
2|Courts of Regional Economic Communities in Latin America and Human Rights Law|211
3|1 Introduction|211
3|2 Courts and Tribunals of Regional Economic Communities and Human Rights|212
3|3 Human Rights in MERCOSUR Dispute Settlement|218
4|3.1 Human Rights in the MERCOSUR System|218
4|3.2 Pulp Mills, Bridges, and the Right to Protest|221
3|4 UNASUR: Human Rights as Part of a Development Agenda|229
3|5 Concluding Remarks|229
3|References|230
2|Courts of Regional Economic Communities in Africa and Human Rights Law|232
3|1 Introduction|232
3|2 Contested Foundation for Human Rights Protection?|235
4|2.1 Fundamental Principles as Treaty Foundation for Human Rights|235
4|2.2 Formalising Protection: Translating Fundamental Principles Into Competence and Jurisdiction|242
3|3 Direct and Indirect Paths to Rights Protection|245
4|3.1 Rights Qua Rule of Law Before the East African Court of Justice|245
4|3.2 Rights Qua Human Rights Before the ECOWAS Court|250
3|4 Consequences of Differing Paths|252
4|4.1 Approaches to Interpretation|252
4|4.2 The Use of Global and Regional Human Rights Treaties in the REC Courts|256
4|4.3 Formulation of Remedies|260
3|5 Conclusion|262
3|References|263
1|Part III: Obligations Imposed by Human Rights Treaties with Regard to the Implementation of Human Rights by Domestic Courts|264
2|State Obligations Under Universal Human Rights Treaties|265
3|1 Introduction|265
3|2 Initial Difference in Implementation|267
3|3 General Approaches to Implementation|268
3|4 Roles of UN Treaty Bodies in Monitoring Compliance by States Parties|272
3|5 The Obligations of States Parties and the Domestication of the International Norms|274
3|6 Obligations Imposed on Domestic Courts Concerning the Implementation of Human Rights Arising from the ICCPR|282
3|7 Concluding Remarks|283
3|References|285
2|State Obligations in the European System|287
3|1 Introduction|287
3|2 Obligations of the ECHR Member States According to the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR|288
3|3 The Court´s Implied Powers and Protocol No. 14 to the ECHR|294
3|4 Joint Powers of the ECtHR and the Committee of Ministers to Supervise the Execution|296
3|5 Conclusions|297
3|References|297
2|State Obligations in the Inter-American System|298
3|1 Introduction|298
3|2 The First Judgment of the Inter-American Court: Velasquez Rodriguez v Honduras (July 29, 1988)|301
4|2.1 To Respect and Ensure: The State´s Obligation to Prevent, Investigate, Prosecute, Punish, and Repair Human Rights Violatio...|301
4|2.2 The Obligation to Comply with the Inter-American Court´s Judgments|305
4|2.3 Obligations of States Parties to the American Convention with Regard to Situations of Impunity|307
5|2.3.1 Amnesty Laws|307
6|Barrios Altos v Peru (March 14, 2001)|308
6|La Cantuta v Peru Case (November 29, 2006)|310
5|2.3.2 Evolution of the ``Control of Conventionality´´ Doctrine|312
6|Almonacid-Arellano et al. v Chile (September 26, 2006)|312
6|Gomes Lund and Others (Guerrilha do Araguaia) v Brasil, (Judgment of November 24, 2010)|313
6|Cabrera-Garcia and Montiel-Flores v Mexico (November 26, 2010)|315
3|3 Conclusion and Outlook|317
3|References|318
2|State Obligations in the African System|319
3|1 Introduction|320
3|2 The General Concept of State Obligations Under the African Charter|322
4|2.1 The Commission´s Approach to State Obligations Under the African Charter|322
4|2.2 The Court´s Approach to State Obligations Under the African Charter|324
3|3 States´ Obligations to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish Violations of Rights Under the African Charter|326
4|3.1 Due Diligence and the Duty to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish|326
5|3.1.1 The Commission´s Approach to the Duty to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish|326
5|3.1.2 The Commission: Due Diligence Beyond the Obligation to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish|331
5|3.1.3 The Commission: Due Diligence and the Admissibility of Communications|333
5|3.1.4 The Court´s Approach to the Duty to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish|335
5|3.1.5 The Court: Due Diligence and the Admissibility of Communications|337
4|3.2 Due Diligence in Commission Recommendations and Court Orders|338
5|3.2.1 The Commission´s Approach to Recommendations and Due Diligence|338
5|3.2.2 The Court´s Approach to Orders and Due Diligence|339
3|4 The Commission´s and Court´s Roles in Determining Violations of Other International Treaties|340
4|4.1 The Commission´s Approach to Determining Violations of Other International Treaties|340
4|4.2 The Court´s Approach to Determining Violations of Other International Treaties Than the African Charter|342
3|5 Conclusion|346
3|References|347
1|Part IV: The Role of Courts in the Domestic Implementation of International Human Rights|348
2|General Overview|349
3|1 Introduction|350
3|2 International Human Rights Courts and Other Supervisory Treaty Bodies: Obligations of Compliance with Rulings and Findings|351
4|2.1 International Human Rights Courts and Other Monitoring Treaty Bodies: Due Compliance by States Parties and Interpretative ...|351
5|2.1.1 The European Court of Human Rights|352
5|2.1.2 The American Commission of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights|353
5|2.1.3 The African Commission and the African Court on Human and Peoples´ Rights|353
5|2.1.4 Supervision Under the Arab Charter on Human Rights|354
4|2.2 ``Control of Conventionality´´|354
4|2.3 Supervision of Compliance with Judicial Decisions|355
4|2.4 Dynamic Interpretation as a Major Challenge to Implementation|356
5|2.4.1 Human Rights Treaties as ``Living Instruments´´ and Interpretation Driven by Judicial Activism|356
5|2.4.2 The Dilemma for Domestic Courts|356
3|3 Human Rights Standards Developed by the International Court of Justice and Other Universal Dispute Settlement Bodies|357
3|4 Nonbinding Standards: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples|358
3|5 Decisions of National Courts|359
4|5.1 Decisions of the International Court of Justice and National Courts|360
5|5.1.1 Deferential Approach with Nuances: The Case of Germany|360
5|5.1.2 ``Respectful Consideration´´: The US Supreme Court|361
4|5.2 Supervisory Bodies Under Universal Human Rights Treaties and National Courts|363
4|5.3 Regional Human Rights Systems|365
5|5.3.1 European Convention on Human Rights|365
6|The European Union|365
6|Germany|366
6|United Kingdom|368
6|France|370
6|Austria|370
6|Russia|371
6|Switzerland|372
6|The Impact of the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights in Non-Convention States|373
5|5.3.2 Inter-American Convention on Human Rights|374
5|5.3.3 African Charter on Human and Peoples´ Rights|376
5|5.3.4 Other Regional Conventions|378
6|Southern African Development Community|378
6|The Arab Charter on Human Rights|380
3|6 Other National Institutions|381
4|6.1 National Contact Points|381
4|6.2 National Human Rights Institutions|382
5|6.2.1 The Paris Principles|383
5|6.2.2 NHRIs and International Organizations and Treaties|385
5|6.2.3 Example: South African Human Rights Commission|386
3|7 Conclusions|387
3|References|388
2|Argentina and Mexico|392
3|1 Introduction|393
3|2 The Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights|394
4|2.1 Control of Conventionality|394
4|2.2 The State´s Obligation to Prevent, Investigate, Punish, and Repair|395
3|3 Argentina, Its Constitution, and the Case Law on Amnesty Laws|397
4|3.1 Reform of the Argentine Constitution (1994)|397
4|3.2 Status of Human Rights Treaties in Other Latin American States|398
4|3.3 Amnesty Laws, the Inter-American Court in Barrios Altos v Peru (2001), and the Argentine Supreme Court in Simon (2005)|399
4|3.4 Subsequent Inter-American Jurisprudence on Amnesties|401
3|4 Mexico, Its Constitution, and the Inappropriate Use of Military Jurisdiction for Human Rights Crimes|402
4|4.1 Background of the Radilla Pacheco Case|402
4|4.2 Mexican Law on Military Jurisdiction|404
4|4.3 The Reform of the Mexican Constitution with Regard to Human Rights|404
4|4.4 Resolution of the Mexican Supreme Court Calling on the Judiciary to Carry Out an Ex Officio Control of Conventionality (Ju...|406
4|4.5 Supreme Court: Transfer to Civilian Jurisdiction (2012); Congress: Military Reform Decree (2015)|408
4|4.6 Mexican Supreme Court: Inter-American Court Jurisprudence Binding on All Mexican Judges (2014)|410
3|5 Conclusion|412
3|References|413
2|Brazil|414
3|1 Introduction|414
3|2 Brazil and International Human Rights: Internal Application|416
4|2.1 Executive Branch|416
4|2.2 Legislative Branch|418
4|2.3 Judicial Branch|419
3|3 Brazil and the Inter-American System|421
3|4 Conclusion|424
3|References|425
2|Cambodia|426
3|1 Introduction|426
3|2 Status of International Human Rights Treaties Under Cambodian Constitutional Law|428
3|3 Cambodian Human Rights Bodies and Court System|431
4|3.1 Human Rights Bodies|431
4|3.2 Court System|432
4|3.3 Cases|433
3|4 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia|435
4|4.1 Structure and Effectiveness of the ECCC|435
4|4.2 Reference to International Human Rights in the Tribunal´s Work|437
3|5 Concluding Remarks|439
3|References|439
2|Denmark|441
3|1 Introduction|441
3|2 Implementation of Human Rights|442
4|2.1 Legislative Implementation|443
5|2.1.1 Incorporation of the ECHR|443
5|2.1.2 Other Legislation Based on Human Rights|444
4|2.2 Judicial Implementation|445
5|2.2.1 Interpretation|445
5|2.2.2 Judicial Self-Restraint|446
5|2.2.3 Interpretation of the ECHR|447
3|3 Institutional Protection|449
4|3.1 Parliamentary Ombudsman|449
4|3.2 National Human Rights Institution|450
4|3.3 Refugee Appeals Board|450
4|3.4 Immigration Appeals Board|451
4|3.5 Equality Appeals Board|451
3|4 Conclusion|451
3|References|453
2|France|454
3|1 Introduction|455
3|2 Express References|457
4|2.1 Express Reference to the Authority and Legal Effects of International Decisions on Human Rights|457
5|2.1.1 The Res Interpretata of International Decisions on Human Rights|457
5|2.1.2 The Res Judicata of International Decisions on Human Rights|458
4|2.2 Express Reference to Individual International Decisions on Human Rights|460
3|3 Implicit References|463
4|3.1 Implicit Convergences|464
5|3.1.1 The Case of the ECtHR|464
5|3.1.2 The Case of the UN Human Rights Committee and of the European Committee on Social Rights|467
4|3.2 Implicit Divergences|469
3|4 Conclusion|470
3|References|471
2|Germany|472
3|1 Introduction|473
3|2 German Courts and the Internalisation of International Human Rights|474
4|2.1 The Incomplete Entrenchment of Human Rights in the Basic Law|474
4|2.2 The Judiciary´s Initial Failure to Take Human Rights Seriously|476
4|2.3 The Completion of the `Human Rights Revolution´ in Lüth|478
5|2.3.1 Impunity for a Crime Against Humanity|478
5|2.3.2 Re-establishing Trust in the Trustees of International Human Rights|479
4|2.4 The Federal Constitutional Court as an International Human Rights Court|481
3|3 German Courts and the Rise of Treaty-Based Human Rights Protection|484
4|3.1 Princess Caroline and the Federal Constitutional Court´s Loss of Exclusive Guardianship of International Human Rights|484
4|3.2 Görgülü: The Federal Constitutional Court Reasserts Control Over International Human Rights|486
5|3.2.1 Establishing Itself as the Ultimate Domestic Guardian of the European Convention on Human Rights|487
5|3.2.2 Claiming the `Last Word´ in the Dialogue with the European Court of Human Rights|488
5|3.2.3 Transforming the Duty to Abide by Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights into a Duty to Take into Account|491
4|3.3 Exercising `Joint Responsibility´ in a Constructive Dialogue|493
3|4 Summary and Conclusion|495
3|References|496
2|Italy|498
3|1 Introduction|498
3|2 ECtHR Judgments Involving Italy|499
3|3 Responses to ECtHR Case Law by the Italian Legislator|501
3|4 Responses to ECtHR Case Law by the Italian Judiciary|502
3|5 Concluding Remarks|507
3|References|510
2|Japan|511
3|1 Introduction|512
3|2 Brief History: Forming Legal Substrata and Waves of Internationalization|513
3|3 Basic Framework: Promoting and Hindering Factors for International Human Rights|515
4|3.1 Three Main Issues in Framing a System to Implement Human Rights Treaties in the Domestic Legal Order|516
4|3.2 The Issue of ``Direct Applicability´´ or ``Self-Executing Treaty´´|520
3|4 Widespread Practice in the Use of International Human Rights Law in Domestic Courts|522
4|4.1 The General Situation|522
5|4.1.1 Significance of International-Law-Friendly Interpretation or Indirect Application|522
5|4.1.2 Main Cases|523
6|Nibutani Dam Case (1997)|524
6|The Nationality Act Case (2008)|525
6|The Statutory Share in Inheritance of Children Born Out of Wedlock Case (2013)|526
4|4.2 The Specific Situation: Human Rights Protection in the Private Sphere|528
5|4.2.1 Unique Problems in the Private Sphere|528
5|4.2.2 Doctrines|529
5|4.2.3 Main Cases|532
6|Otaru Public Bath Case (2002)|532
6|Kyoto Hate Speech Case (2013, 2014)|533
3|5 Conclusion|537
3|References|539
2|Kenya|543
3|1 Introduction|543
3|2 Context|544
4|2.1 Institutional and Normative|544
4|2.2 Historical|545
4|2.3 Textual|547
3|3 Practical Usage|551
4|3.1 `African´ Regional Human Rights Norms|552
4|3.2 Global Human Rights Norms|553
5|3.2.1 CEDAW|553
5|3.2.2 UDHR|554
5|3.2.3 ICCPR|555
5|3.2.4 ICESCR|557
4|3.3 International Human Rights Norms: A General Survey of Jurisprudence|558
5|3.3.1 UN Human Rights Bodies|558
5|3.3.2 African Commission on Human and Peoples´ Rights|558
5|3.3.3 East African Court of Justice|559
5|3.3.4 European Court of Human Rights|560
3|4 Conclusion|561
3|References|562
2|Slovenia|563
3|1 Introduction|563
3|2 The Right to Judicial Protection and the Right to the Equal Protection of Rights in Civil Proceedings|566
3|3 The Right to an Impartial Tribunal|569
3|4 Basic Procedural Safeguards in Criminal Proceedings|571
3|5 The Right to Personal Liberty|573
3|6 The Right to the Protection of Personal Data|575
3|7 The Freedom of Expression and Artistic Endeavour|576
3|8 The Right to Effective Protection of Human Rights|580
3|9 Conclusion|583
3|References|586
2|United States of America|588
3|1 Introduction|588
3|2 Sosa|589
3|3 Medellin|591
3|4 International Human Rights Law in General|597
3|5 Conclusion|602
3|References|602
1|ILA Johannesburg Guidelines|604
2|The Obligations of a State and Its Domestic Courts with Respect to a Decision Issued by an International Judicial or Quasi-Jud...|604
1|Table of Cases|607
2|International Courts, Arbitral Tribunals and Treaty Bodies|607
3|Committee Against Torture|607
3|Human Rights Committee|607
3|Inter-State Arbitration|608
3|International Court of Justice|608
3|International Criminal Court|611
3|International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea|612
3|Investor-State Arbitration|612
3|Permanent Court of International Justice|612
2|Regional Courts and Treaty Bodies|613
3|Africa|613
4|African Commission on Human and Peoples´ Rights|613
4|African Court on Human and Peoples´ Rights|614
4|East African Court of Justice|615
4|ECOWAS Court|616
2|Regional Courts and Treaty Bodies|617
3|The Americas|617
4|Caribbean Court of Justice|617
4|Inter-American Commission on Human Rights|617
4|Inter-American Court of Human Rights|617
4|MERCOSUR (Ad hoc) Tribunals|619
4|MERCOSUR Permanent Revision Tribunal|620
2|Regional Courts and Treaty Bodies|621
3|Europe|621
4|European Commission on Human Rights|621
4|European Court of Human Rights|621
4|European Court of Justice|628
2|National Jurisdictions|632
3|Argentina|632
4|Corte Suprema de Justicia (Supreme Court)|632
3|Australia|633
4|High Court of Australia|633
4|Federal Court of Australia|633
4|New South Wales Court of Appeals|633
4|New South Wales Superannuation Complaints Tribunal|633
3|Austria|633
4|Verfassungsgerichtshof (Constitutional Court)|633
3|Bangladesh|634
4|Supreme Court of Bangladesh|634
3|Belize|634
4|Supreme Court of Belize|634
3|Benin|634
4|Constitutional Court of Benin|634
3|Botswana|634
4|Court of Appeal|634
3|Brazil|634
4|Supremo Tribunal Federal (Federal Supreme Court)|634
3|Canada|635
4|Supreme Court of Canada|635
4|Ontario Court of Appeals|635
4|Canadian Human Rights Tribunal|635
3|Cambodia|635
4|Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia|635
4|Kratie Provincial Court, Prosecution Department|635
4|Phnom Penh Municipal Court, Prosecution Department|636
3|Colombia|636
4|Corte Constitucional de Colombia (Constitutional Court of Colombia)|636
3|Costa Rica|636
4|Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica, Constitutional Chamber|636
3|Czech Republic|636
4|Ústavni Soud (Constitutional Court)|636
3|Denmark|636
4|Højesteret (Supreme Court)|636
3|Dominican Republic|637
4|Tribunal Constitucional de República Dominicana (Constitutional Court)|637
3|El Salvador|637
4|Corte Suprema de Justicia (Supreme Court)|637
3|France|637
4|Conseil constitutionnel (Constitutional Council)|637
4|Conseil d´État (Council of State)|638
4|Cour de cassation (Court of Cassation)|638
4|Cour d´Appel de Nouméa (Court of Appeal of Nouméa)|639
4|Cour de révision et de réexamen (Court of re-examination)|639
3|Germany|639
4|Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court)|639
4|Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice)|641
4|Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court)|641
4|Landgericht (Regional Court) Hamburg|641
3|Ghana|642
4|Supreme Court of Ghana|642
3|Greece|642
4|Symvoulio Epikrateias (Council of State)|642
3|India|642
4|Supreme Court of India|642
3|Ireland|642
4|Supreme Court of Ireland|642
3|Italy|642
4|Corte costituzionale (Constitutional Court)|642
4|Corte Suprema di Cassazione (Supreme Court of Cassation)|643
3|Japan|643
4|Supreme Court|643
4|Osaka High Court|643
4|Takamatsu High Court|644
4|Tokyo High Court|644
4|Kyoto District Court|644
4|Sapporo District Court|644
4|Shizuoka District Court|644
4|Tokyo District Court|644
3|Kenya|644
4|Court of Appeal at Eldoret|644
4|Court of Appeal at Malindi|644
4|Court of Appeal at Nairobi|645
4|High Court at Embu|645
4|High Court of Kakamega|645
4|High Court at Kisumu|645
4|High Court at Kitale|645
4|High Court at Meru|645
4|High Court at Mombasa|645
4|High Court at Nakuru|646
4|High Court at Nairobi|646
4|Employment and Labour Relations Court at Nairobi|648
4|Environment and Land Court at Nakuru|648
4|Industrial Court at Nairobi|648
3|Lesotho|648
4|Court of Appeal|648
3|Lithuania|649
4|Konstitucinio Teismo (Constitutional Court)|649
3|Mexico|649
4|Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (Supreme Court of Justice)|649
3|Netherlands|649
4|Hoge Raad (Supreme Court)|649
3|New Zealand|649
4|High Court New Zealand|649
3|Peru|649
4|Tribunal Constitucional (Constitutional Tribunal)|649
3|Poland|650
4|Trybunal Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Tribunal)|650
3|Russian Federation|650
4|Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation|650
3|Slovenia|650
4|Ustavno Sodisče Republike Slovenije (Constitutional Court)|650
3|South Africa|651
4|Constitutional Court|651
4|Supreme Court of Appeal|651
3|Spain|652
4|Tribunal Constitucional de España (Constitutional Court)|652
3|Sweden|652
4|Högsta Domstolen (Supreme Court)|652
3|Switzerland|652
4|Bundesgericht (Federal Tribunal)|652
3|United Kingdom|652
4|Supreme Court|652
4|House of Lords|653
3|United States|653
4|United States Supreme Court|653
4|United States Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit|653
4|Supreme Court of California|654
4|Supreme Court of Massachusetts|654
4|Supreme Court of Nevada|654
3|Venezuela|654
4|Tribunal Supremo de Justicia (Supreme Court)|654
1|Index|655
1|Contents|8
1|About the Contributors|11
1|Part I: General Introduction|14
2|Introduction|15
3|References|30
2|The International Court of Justice and Its Contribution to Human Rights Law|31
3|1 Introduction|32
3|2 References by the ICJ to Decisions of Human Rights Bodies|34
4|2.1 Introduction|34
4|2.2 An Evolving Approach to Case Law by Others|34
4|2.3 Conclusion|41
3|3 The Attitude of a General Court Toward the Position of the Individual|42
4|3.1 General Contribution by the ICJ|42
4|3.2 Diplomatic Protection or Human Rights Protection?|43
4|3.3 Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties and Armed Conflict|49
4|3.4 Provisional Measures Involving Human Beings|52
3|4 Conclusion|58
3|References|59
2|The Domestic Implementation of Judgments/Decisions of Courts and Other International Bodies That Involve International Human R...|63
3|1 Introduction|64
3|2 Work of the Committee|65
3|3 The Obligations of States Parties to Comply with Judgments or Decisions of Judicial or Quasi-Judicial International Bodies D...|65
4|3.1 The Legal Bases of the Obligation to Comply with Human Rights Decisions|65
4|3.2 Jurisprudence on the State Party´s Obligation to Comply with Adverse Human Rights Judgments and Decisions|69
5|3.2.1 Human Rights Courts|69
5|3.2.2 Quasi-Judicial Bodies|75
4|3.3 The Obligation to Comply with Jurisprudence in Matters of Human Rights When the State Was Not a Party to the Litigation|79
3|4 Contents of ``Good Faith´´ Compliance and ``Good´´ or ``Best Practice´´|81
4|4.1 ``Good Faith´´|81
4|4.2 ``Good Practices´´|83
3|5 Country-Based Case Studies|85
4|5.1 Argentina|86
4|5.2 Australia|87
4|5.3 Bangladesh|88
4|5.4 Brazil|88
4|5.5 Canada|89
4|5.6 China|90
4|5.7 Colombia|91
4|5.8 Denmark|92
4|5.9 France|93
4|5.10 Germany|94
4|5.11 India|95
4|5.12 Italy|96
4|5.13 Japan|97
4|5.14 Mexico|98
4|5.15 Netherlands|99
4|5.16 Russia|100
4|5.17 Slovenia|102
4|5.18 South Africa|102
4|5.19 United Kingdom|103
4|5.20 United States of America|104
3|6 Conclusions|105
3|References|109
1|Part II: International and Regional Courts of General Jurisdiction as Human Rights Courts|113
2|The International Court of Justice and Diplomatic Protection|114
3|1 Introduction|115
3|2 Individual Rights Recognized Under International Law Without International Means of Enforcement for Individuals|116
4|2.1 Traditional Views|116
4|2.2 Views Adopted by the ICJ in LaGrand and in Avena|117
3|3 Content of the International Responsibility of a State for Its Violation of Individual Rights Recognized Under International...|120
4|3.1 Legal Consequences of a Violation of Individual Rights Recognized Under International Law: General Principles|120
4|3.2 Legal Consequences of a Violation of Human Rights Recognized Under the Conventions: Principles Specific to Human Rights Law|122
4|3.3 Legal Consequences of a Violation of Individual Rights Recognized Under International Law in the Context of Inter-State Di...|125
5|3.3.1 Violation of Individual Rights and Non-pecuniary Remedies: LaGrand and Avena|125
5|3.3.2 Violation of Individual Rights and Pecuniary Remedies: ICJ Diallo and ECtHR Cyprus v Turkey|128
3|4 Invocation of State Responsibility by a State for the Violation of Individual Rights Recognized Under International Law|131
4|4.1 Invocation of the Responsibility by a State Whose Nationals´ Individual Rights Were Violated: Diplomatic Protection|131
4|4.2 Invocation of the Responsibility by a State Other Than an Injured State|133
3|5 Concluding Remarks|135
3|References|137
2|The International Court of Justice and Provisional Measures Involving the Fate of Persons|138
3|1 Introduction|139
3|2 Provisional Measures and General Interest Obligations|140
4|2.1 Introduction|140
4|2.2 Non-aggravation of the Dispute: Environment, Peace, Human Rights|140
4|2.3 Recommendations to the Parties in the Interest of Peaceful Settlement|143
4|2.4 2007 Onward: Less Interest in the General Interest, Or Simply a More Cautious Approach?|143
3|3 The Binding Nature of ICJ´s Provisional Measures|148
3|4 The ICJ´s Approach to Traditional Aspects of Provisional Measures in Cases Involving the Fate of Individuals|150
4|4.1 Introduction|150
4|4.2 Prima Facie (Lack of) Jurisdiction on the Merits?|150
4|4.3 No Overlap with the Main Claim|156
4|4.4 A Relation to the Main Claim: The Link Requirement|157
4|4.5 Meeting Procedural Requirements|161
3|5 A Stricter Approach: Demanding Evidence of Plausibility|162
3|6 Follow-Up by the ICJ on Its Orders for Provisional Measures|169
3|7 Conclusion|178
3|References|179
2|The European Court of Justice and Human Rights Law|182
3|1 Introduction|182
3|2 The ECJ, Constitutional Courts, and the ECHR|184
4|2.1 Fundamental Rights in EU Law|184
5|2.1.1 Colliding Claims to Supremacy: The European Union and National Constitutional Courts|184
5|2.1.2 The Role of the ECHR and the ECtHR in ECJ Case Law|186
6|The Impact of the ECHR on the Development of EU Fundamental Rights|186
6|Binding Effect|188
5|2.1.3 Conflicts of Jurisdiction: The Example of Germany|192
6|The Constitutional Court and Fundamental Rights of the EU|192
6|The ECtHR and Domestic Constitutional Law|193
5|2.1.4 Interim Conclusions|195
4|2.2 The EU Under the ECHR?|196
5|2.2.1 Jurisdiction of the ECtHR Over EU Matters|196
5|2.2.2 Accession of the European Union to the ECHR|198
6|The Draft Accession Agreement|198
6|Potential Consequences of Accession|200
6|The ECJ Opinion|202
3|3 The ECJ and Other Human Rights Treaties|204
3|4 Conclusions|206
3|References|207
2|Courts of Regional Economic Communities in Latin America and Human Rights Law|211
3|1 Introduction|211
3|2 Courts and Tribunals of Regional Economic Communities and Human Rights|212
3|3 Human Rights in MERCOSUR Dispute Settlement|218
4|3.1 Human Rights in the MERCOSUR System|218
4|3.2 Pulp Mills, Bridges, and the Right to Protest|221
3|4 UNASUR: Human Rights as Part of a Development Agenda|229
3|5 Concluding Remarks|229
3|References|230
2|Courts of Regional Economic Communities in Africa and Human Rights Law|232
3|1 Introduction|232
3|2 Contested Foundation for Human Rights Protection?|235
4|2.1 Fundamental Principles as Treaty Foundation for Human Rights|235
4|2.2 Formalising Protection: Translating Fundamental Principles Into Competence and Jurisdiction|242
3|3 Direct and Indirect Paths to Rights Protection|245
4|3.1 Rights Qua Rule of Law Before the East African Court of Justice|245
4|3.2 Rights Qua Human Rights Before the ECOWAS Court|250
3|4 Consequences of Differing Paths|252
4|4.1 Approaches to Interpretation|252
4|4.2 The Use of Global and Regional Human Rights Treaties in the REC Courts|256
4|4.3 Formulation of Remedies|260
3|5 Conclusion|262
3|References|263
1|Part III: Obligations Imposed by Human Rights Treaties with Regard to the Implementation of Human Rights by Domestic Courts|264
2|State Obligations Under Universal Human Rights Treaties|265
3|1 Introduction|265
3|2 Initial Difference in Implementation|267
3|3 General Approaches to Implementation|268
3|4 Roles of UN Treaty Bodies in Monitoring Compliance by States Parties|272
3|5 The Obligations of States Parties and the Domestication of the International Norms|274
3|6 Obligations Imposed on Domestic Courts Concerning the Implementation of Human Rights Arising from the ICCPR|282
3|7 Concluding Remarks|283
3|References|285
2|State Obligations in the European System|287
3|1 Introduction|287
3|2 Obligations of the ECHR Member States According to the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR|288
3|3 The Court´s Implied Powers and Protocol No. 14 to the ECHR|294
3|4 Joint Powers of the ECtHR and the Committee of Ministers to Supervise the Execution|296
3|5 Conclusions|297
3|References|297
2|State Obligations in the Inter-American System|298
3|1 Introduction|298
3|2 The First Judgment of the Inter-American Court: Velasquez Rodriguez v Honduras (July 29, 1988)|301
4|2.1 To Respect and Ensure: The State´s Obligation to Prevent, Investigate, Prosecute, Punish, and Repair Human Rights Violatio...|301
4|2.2 The Obligation to Comply with the Inter-American Court´s Judgments|305
4|2.3 Obligations of States Parties to the American Convention with Regard to Situations of Impunity|307
5|2.3.1 Amnesty Laws|307
6|Barrios Altos v Peru (March 14, 2001)|308
6|La Cantuta v Peru Case (November 29, 2006)|310
5|2.3.2 Evolution of the ``Control of Conventionality´´ Doctrine|312
6|Almonacid-Arellano et al. v Chile (September 26, 2006)|312
6|Gomes Lund and Others (Guerrilha do Araguaia) v Brasil, (Judgment of November 24, 2010)|313
6|Cabrera-Garcia and Montiel-Flores v Mexico (November 26, 2010)|315
3|3 Conclusion and Outlook|317
3|References|318
2|State Obligations in the African System|319
3|1 Introduction|320
3|2 The General Concept of State Obligations Under the African Charter|322
4|2.1 The Commission´s Approach to State Obligations Under the African Charter|322
4|2.2 The Court´s Approach to State Obligations Under the African Charter|324
3|3 States´ Obligations to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish Violations of Rights Under the African Charter|326
4|3.1 Due Diligence and the Duty to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish|326
5|3.1.1 The Commission´s Approach to the Duty to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish|326
5|3.1.2 The Commission: Due Diligence Beyond the Obligation to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish|331
5|3.1.3 The Commission: Due Diligence and the Admissibility of Communications|333
5|3.1.4 The Court´s Approach to the Duty to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish|335
5|3.1.5 The Court: Due Diligence and the Admissibility of Communications|337
4|3.2 Due Diligence in Commission Recommendations and Court Orders|338
5|3.2.1 The Commission´s Approach to Recommendations and Due Diligence|338
5|3.2.2 The Court´s Approach to Orders and Due Diligence|339
3|4 The Commission´s and Court´s Roles in Determining Violations of Other International Treaties|340
4|4.1 The Commission´s Approach to Determining Violations of Other International Treaties|340
4|4.2 The Court´s Approach to Determining Violations of Other International Treaties Than the African Charter|342
3|5 Conclusion|346
3|References|347
1|Part IV: The Role of Courts in the Domestic Implementation of International Human Rights|348
2|General Overview|349
3|1 Introduction|350
3|2 International Human Rights Courts and Other Supervisory Treaty Bodies: Obligations of Compliance with Rulings and Findings|351
4|2.1 International Human Rights Courts and Other Monitoring Treaty Bodies: Due Compliance by States Parties and Interpretative ...|351
5|2.1.1 The European Court of Human Rights|352
5|2.1.2 The American Commission of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights|353
5|2.1.3 The African Commission and the African Court on Human and Peoples´ Rights|353
5|2.1.4 Supervision Under the Arab Charter on Human Rights|354
4|2.2 ``Control of Conventionality´´|354
4|2.3 Supervision of Compliance with Judicial Decisions|355
4|2.4 Dynamic Interpretation as a Major Challenge to Implementation|356
5|2.4.1 Human Rights Treaties as ``Living Instruments´´ and Interpretation Driven by Judicial Activism|356
5|2.4.2 The Dilemma for Domestic Courts|356
3|3 Human Rights Standards Developed by the International Court of Justice and Other Universal Dispute Settlement Bodies|357
3|4 Nonbinding Standards: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples|358
3|5 Decisions of National Courts|359
4|5.1 Decisions of the International Court of Justice and National Courts|360
5|5.1.1 Deferential Approach with Nuances: The Case of Germany|360
5|5.1.2 ``Respectful Consideration´´: The US Supreme Court|361
4|5.2 Supervisory Bodies Under Universal Human Rights Treaties and National Courts|363
4|5.3 Regional Human Rights Systems|365
5|5.3.1 European Convention on Human Rights|365
6|The European Union|365
6|Germany|366
6|United Kingdom|368
6|France|370
6|Austria|370
6|Russia|371
6|Switzerland|372
6|The Impact of the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights in Non-Convention States|373
5|5.3.2 Inter-American Convention on Human Rights|374
5|5.3.3 African Charter on Human and Peoples´ Rights|376
5|5.3.4 Other Regional Conventions|378
6|Southern African Development Community|378
6|The Arab Charter on Human Rights|380
3|6 Other National Institutions|381
4|6.1 National Contact Points|381
4|6.2 National Human Rights Institutions|382
5|6.2.1 The Paris Principles|383
5|6.2.2 NHRIs and International Organizations and Treaties|385
5|6.2.3 Example: South African Human Rights Commission|386
3|7 Conclusions|387
3|References|388
2|Argentina and Mexico|392
3|1 Introduction|393
3|2 The Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights|394
4|2.1 Control of Conventionality|394
4|2.2 The State´s Obligation to Prevent, Investigate, Punish, and Repair|395
3|3 Argentina, Its Constitution, and the Case Law on Amnesty Laws|397
4|3.1 Reform of the Argentine Constitution (1994)|397
4|3.2 Status of Human Rights Treaties in Other Latin American States|398
4|3.3 Amnesty Laws, the Inter-American Court in Barrios Altos v Peru (2001), and the Argentine Supreme Court in Simon (2005)|399
4|3.4 Subsequent Inter-American Jurisprudence on Amnesties|401
3|4 Mexico, Its Constitution, and the Inappropriate Use of Military Jurisdiction for Human Rights Crimes|402
4|4.1 Background of the Radilla Pacheco Case|402
4|4.2 Mexican Law on Military Jurisdiction|404
4|4.3 The Reform of the Mexican Constitution with Regard to Human Rights|404
4|4.4 Resolution of the Mexican Supreme Court Calling on the Judiciary to Carry Out an Ex Officio Control of Conventionality (Ju...|406
4|4.5 Supreme Court: Transfer to Civilian Jurisdiction (2012); Congress: Military Reform Decree (2015)|408
4|4.6 Mexican Supreme Court: Inter-American Court Jurisprudence Binding on All Mexican Judges (2014)|410
3|5 Conclusion|412
3|References|413
2|Brazil|414
3|1 Introduction|414
3|2 Brazil and International Human Rights: Internal Application|416
4|2.1 Executive Branch|416
4|2.2 Legislative Branch|418
4|2.3 Judicial Branch|419
3|3 Brazil and the Inter-American System|421
3|4 Conclusion|424
3|References|425
2|Cambodia|426
3|1 Introduction|426
3|2 Status of International Human Rights Treaties Under Cambodian Constitutional Law|428
3|3 Cambodian Human Rights Bodies and Court System|431
4|3.1 Human Rights Bodies|431
4|3.2 Court System|432
4|3.3 Cases|433
3|4 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia|435
4|4.1 Structure and Effectiveness of the ECCC|435
4|4.2 Reference to International Human Rights in the Tribunal´s Work|437
3|5 Concluding Remarks|439
3|References|439
2|Denmark|441
3|1 Introduction|441
3|2 Implementation of Human Rights|442
4|2.1 Legislative Implementation|443
5|2.1.1 Incorporation of the ECHR|443
5|2.1.2 Other Legislation Based on Human Rights|444
4|2.2 Judicial Implementation|445
5|2.2.1 Interpretation|445
5|2.2.2 Judicial Self-Restraint|446
5|2.2.3 Interpretation of the ECHR|447
3|3 Institutional Protection|449
4|3.1 Parliamentary Ombudsman|449
4|3.2 National Human Rights Institution|450
4|3.3 Refugee Appeals Board|450
4|3.4 Immigration Appeals Board|451
4|3.5 Equality Appeals Board|451
3|4 Conclusion|451
3|References|453
2|France|454
3|1 Introduction|455
3|2 Express References|457
4|2.1 Express Reference to the Authority and Legal Effects of International Decisions on Human Rights|457
5|2.1.1 The Res Interpretata of International Decisions on Human Rights|457
5|2.1.2 The Res Judicata of International Decisions on Human Rights|458
4|2.2 Express Reference to Individual International Decisions on Human Rights|460
3|3 Implicit References|463
4|3.1 Implicit Convergences|464
5|3.1.1 The Case of the ECtHR|464
5|3.1.2 The Case of the UN Human Rights Committee and of the European Committee on Social Rights|467
4|3.2 Implicit Divergences|469
3|4 Conclusion|470
3|References|471
2|Germany|472
3|1 Introduction|473
3|2 German Courts and the Internalisation of International Human Rights|474
4|2.1 The Incomplete Entrenchment of Human Rights in the Basic Law|474
4|2.2 The Judiciary´s Initial Failure to Take Human Rights Seriously|476
4|2.3 The Completion of the `Human Rights Revolution´ in Lüth|478
5|2.3.1 Impunity for a Crime Against Humanity|478
5|2.3.2 Re-establishing Trust in the Trustees of International Human Rights|479
4|2.4 The Federal Constitutional Court as an International Human Rights Court|481
3|3 German Courts and the Rise of Treaty-Based Human Rights Protection|484
4|3.1 Princess Caroline and the Federal Constitutional Court´s Loss of Exclusive Guardianship of International Human Rights|484
4|3.2 Görgülü: The Federal Constitutional Court Reasserts Control Over International Human Rights|486
5|3.2.1 Establishing Itself as the Ultimate Domestic Guardian of the European Convention on Human Rights|487
5|3.2.2 Claiming the `Last Word´ in the Dialogue with the European Court of Human Rights|488
5|3.2.3 Transforming the Duty to Abide by Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights into a Duty to Take into Account|491
4|3.3 Exercising `Joint Responsibility´ in a Constructive Dialogue|493
3|4 Summary and Conclusion|495
3|References|496
2|Italy|498
3|1 Introduction|498
3|2 ECtHR Judgments Involving Italy|499
3|3 Responses to ECtHR Case Law by the Italian Legislator|501
3|4 Responses to ECtHR Case Law by the Italian Judiciary|502
3|5 Concluding Remarks|507
3|References|510
2|Japan|511
3|1 Introduction|512
3|2 Brief History: Forming Legal Substrata and Waves of Internationalization|513
3|3 Basic Framework: Promoting and Hindering Factors for International Human Rights|515
4|3.1 Three Main Issues in Framing a System to Implement Human Rights Treaties in the Domestic Legal Order|516
4|3.2 The Issue of ``Direct Applicability´´ or ``Self-Executing Treaty´´|520
3|4 Widespread Practice in the Use of International Human Rights Law in Domestic Courts|522
4|4.1 The General Situation|522
5|4.1.1 Significance of International-Law-Friendly Interpretation or Indirect Application|522
5|4.1.2 Main Cases|523
6|Nibutani Dam Case (1997)|524
6|The Nationality Act Case (2008)|525
6|The Statutory Share in Inheritance of Children Born Out of Wedlock Case (2013)|526
4|4.2 The Specific Situation: Human Rights Protection in the Private Sphere|528
5|4.2.1 Unique Problems in the Private Sphere|528
5|4.2.2 Doctrines|529
5|4.2.3 Main Cases|532
6|Otaru Public Bath Case (2002)|532
6|Kyoto Hate Speech Case (2013, 2014)|533
3|5 Conclusion|537
3|References|539
2|Kenya|543
3|1 Introduction|543
3|2 Context|544
4|2.1 Institutional and Normative|544
4|2.2 Historical|545
4|2.3 Textual|547
3|3 Practical Usage|551
4|3.1 `African´ Regional Human Rights Norms|552
4|3.2 Global Human Rights Norms|553
5|3.2.1 CEDAW|553
5|3.2.2 UDHR|554
5|3.2.3 ICCPR|555
5|3.2.4 ICESCR|557
4|3.3 International Human Rights Norms: A General Survey of Jurisprudence|558
5|3.3.1 UN Human Rights Bodies|558
5|3.3.2 African Commission on Human and Peoples´ Rights|558
5|3.3.3 East African Court of Justice|559
5|3.3.4 European Court of Human Rights|560
3|4 Conclusion|561
3|References|562
2|Slovenia|563
3|1 Introduction|563
3|2 The Right to Judicial Protection and the Right to the Equal Protection of Rights in Civil Proceedings|566
3|3 The Right to an Impartial Tribunal|569
3|4 Basic Procedural Safeguards in Criminal Proceedings|571
3|5 The Right to Personal Liberty|573
3|6 The Right to the Protection of Personal Data|575
3|7 The Freedom of Expression and Artistic Endeavour|576
3|8 The Right to Effective Protection of Human Rights|580
3|9 Conclusion|583
3|References|586
2|United States of America|588
3|1 Introduction|588
3|2 Sosa|589
3|3 Medellin|591
3|4 International Human Rights Law in General|597
3|5 Conclusion|602
3|References|602
1|ILA Johannesburg Guidelines|604
2|The Obligations of a State and Its Domestic Courts with Respect to a Decision Issued by an International Judicial or Quasi-Jud...|604
1|Table of Cases|607
2|International Courts, Arbitral Tribunals and Treaty Bodies|607
3|Committee Against Torture|607
3|Human Rights Committee|607
3|Inter-State Arbitration|608
3|International Court of Justice|608
3|International Criminal Court|611
3|International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea|612
3|Investor-State Arbitration|612
3|Permanent Court of International Justice|612
2|Regional Courts and Treaty Bodies|613
3|Africa|613
4|African Commission on Human and Peoples´ Rights|613
4|African Court on Human and Peoples´ Rights|614
4|East African Court of Justice|615
4|ECOWAS Court|616
2|Regional Courts and Treaty Bodies|617
3|The Americas|617
4|Caribbean Court of Justice|617
4|Inter-American Commission on Human Rights|617
4|Inter-American Court of Human Rights|617
4|MERCOSUR (Ad hoc) Tribunals|619
4|MERCOSUR Permanent Revision Tribunal|620
2|Regional Courts and Treaty Bodies|621
3|Europe|621
4|European Commission on Human Rights|621
4|European Court of Human Rights|621
4|European Court of Justice|628
2|National Jurisdictions|632
3|Argentina|632
4|Corte Suprema de Justicia (Supreme Court)|632
3|Australia|633
4|High Court of Australia|633
4|Federal Court of Australia|633
4|New South Wales Court of Appeals|633
4|New South Wales Superannuation Complaints Tribunal|633
3|Austria|633
4|Verfassungsgerichtshof (Constitutional Court)|633
3|Bangladesh|634
4|Supreme Court of Bangladesh|634
3|Belize|634
4|Supreme Court of Belize|634
3|Benin|634
4|Constitutional Court of Benin|634
3|Botswana|634
4|Court of Appeal|634
3|Brazil|634
4|Supremo Tribunal Federal (Federal Supreme Court)|634
3|Canada|635
4|Supreme Court of Canada|635
4|Ontario Court of Appeals|635
4|Canadian Human Rights Tribunal|635
3|Cambodia|635
4|Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia|635
4|Kratie Provincial Court, Prosecution Department|635
4|Phnom Penh Municipal Court, Prosecution Department|636
3|Colombia|636
4|Corte Constitucional de Colombia (Constitutional Court of Colombia)|636
3|Costa Rica|636
4|Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica, Constitutional Chamber|636
3|Czech Republic|636
4|Ústavni Soud (Constitutional Court)|636
3|Denmark|636
4|Højesteret (Supreme Court)|636
3|Dominican Republic|637
4|Tribunal Constitucional de República Dominicana (Constitutional Court)|637
3|El Salvador|637
4|Corte Suprema de Justicia (Supreme Court)|637
3|France|637
4|Conseil constitutionnel (Constitutional Council)|637
4|Conseil d´État (Council of State)|638
4|Cour de cassation (Court of Cassation)|638
4|Cour d´Appel de Nouméa (Court of Appeal of Nouméa)|639
4|Cour de révision et de réexamen (Court of re-examination)|639
3|Germany|639
4|Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court)|639
4|Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice)|641
4|Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court)|641
4|Landgericht (Regional Court) Hamburg|641
3|Ghana|642
4|Supreme Court of Ghana|642
3|Greece|642
4|Symvoulio Epikrateias (Council of State)|642
3|India|642
4|Supreme Court of India|642
3|Ireland|642
4|Supreme Court of Ireland|642
3|Italy|642
4|Corte costituzionale (Constitutional Court)|642
4|Corte Suprema di Cassazione (Supreme Court of Cassation)|643
3|Japan|643
4|Supreme Court|643
4|Osaka High Court|643
4|Takamatsu High Court|644
4|Tokyo High Court|644
4|Kyoto District Court|644
4|Sapporo District Court|644
4|Shizuoka District Court|644
4|Tokyo District Court|644
3|Kenya|644
4|Court of Appeal at Eldoret|644
4|Court of Appeal at Malindi|644
4|Court of Appeal at Nairobi|645
4|High Court at Embu|645
4|High Court of Kakamega|645
4|High Court at Kisumu|645
4|High Court at Kitale|645
4|High Court at Meru|645
4|High Court at Mombasa|645
4|High Court at Nakuru|646
4|High Court at Nairobi|646
4|Employment and Labour Relations Court at Nairobi|648
4|Environment and Land Court at Nakuru|648
4|Industrial Court at Nairobi|648
3|Lesotho|648
4|Court of Appeal|648
3|Lithuania|649
4|Konstitucinio Teismo (Constitutional Court)|649
3|Mexico|649
4|Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (Supreme Court of Justice)|649
3|Netherlands|649
4|Hoge Raad (Supreme Court)|649
3|New Zealand|649
4|High Court New Zealand|649
3|Peru|649
4|Tribunal Constitucional (Constitutional Tribunal)|649
3|Poland|650
4|Trybunal Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Tribunal)|650
3|Russian Federation|650
4|Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation|650
3|Slovenia|650
4|Ustavno Sodisče Republike Slovenije (Constitutional Court)|650
3|South Africa|651
4|Constitutional Court|651
4|Supreme Court of Appeal|651
3|Spain|652
4|Tribunal Constitucional de España (Constitutional Court)|652
3|Sweden|652
4|Högsta Domstolen (Supreme Court)|652
3|Switzerland|652
4|Bundesgericht (Federal Tribunal)|652
3|United Kingdom|652
4|Supreme Court|652
4|House of Lords|653
3|United States|653
4|United States Supreme Court|653
4|United States Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit|653
4|Supreme Court of California|654
4|Supreme Court of Massachusetts|654
4|Supreme Court of Nevada|654
3|Venezuela|654
4|Tribunal Supremo de Justicia (Supreme Court)|654
1|Index|655