File #2769: "2019_Book_RacialAndReligiousHateCrime.pdf"
Testo
1|Introduction|7
1|Contents|13
1|About the Authors|15
1|List of Figures|16
1|1 Racism and Hate Crime: Its Historical Roots|17
2|Introduction|17
2|Conceptual Ambiguity and Inconsistency|17
2|A History of Hate Crime|19
3|Anti-Semitism|20
3|Racism Directed at Early Black and Asian Immigrants|22
3|The Slave Trade|23
3|The Colonial Heritage|25
2|Competition for Scarce Resources and Political Threat|26
2|Nineteenth Century: Civil Unrest, Access Controls|30
2|Conclusion|32
2|References|33
1|2 Immigration Control and Racially Motivated Violence: 1900 to the early 1960s|36
2|Introduction|36
2|Anti-immigrant Sentiment in the Early Twentieth Century|37
2|Racial Unrest: 1914–1939|39
3|Anti-Semitism|43
3|The 1936 Public Order Act and Its Enforcement|49
2|The Second World War and Racial Discrimination|51
2|Racial Violence 1945—The Early 1960s|55
2|Immigration from the ‘New Commonwealth’|57
2|The Notting Hill Race Riots and Their Aftermath|59
3|Initiatives to Combat Racial Injustices in the Early 1960s|61
2|Conclusion|64
2|References|65
1|3 Racially Motivated Discrimination, Extremist Rhetoric, and Immigration Control: 1960 to the Early 1980s|69
2|Introduction|69
2|Race Relations and Immigration Control|70
3|The Race Relations Act 1965|71
2|Discrimination, Disadvantage, and Reforms to Race Relations Legislation|72
2|The 1976 Race Relations Act|74
3|Immigration Control|75
3|Communal Responses to Racism and Hate Crime|77
3|The Colony|81
2|The Politics of Hate|82
3|The National Front|82
3|The Conservative Party and Immigration Control|86
2|Social Reform to Alleviate Racial Disadvantage and Racism|88
2|Conclusion|91
2|References|92
1|4 Policing, Social Disorder, and Responding to Racially Motivated Offending in the 1980s and 1990s|96
2|Introduction|96
2|Accusations of Discriminatory Policing|97
3|New Cross Fire 1981|101
3|‘Police Against Black People’|103
2|The Brixton Riots and the Scarman Inquiry|106
3|Reforms to Policing Proposed in the Scarman Report|109
2|Public Order Act 1986|111
3|Racially Motivated Offending|111
3|Public Order Offences|112
2|Measuring Racial Attacks and Implementing Solutions|114
3|Developments to Combat Racial Violence After 1981|115
3|The Scale of Hate Crime in the Late 1980s and Early 1990s|118
3|Communal Responses to Racial Violence|122
3|Changes Affecting the Definition and Recording of Hate Crime During the 1990s|124
2|The Context of Hate Crime: Racial Prejudice and Discrimination|130
3|The Perpetrators of Racial Harassment and Violence|133
2|The Manningham Riots|135
2|Conclusion|137
2|References|140
1|5 Legislating Against Racially Aggravated Offending: From the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 to the Macpherson Report|147
2|Introduction|147
2|The Crime and Disorder Act 1998|148
2|The Macpherson Inquiry|152
3|Racial Violence in the 1990s|153
3|Background to the Macpherson Report (1999)|154
3|Findings of the Macpherson Report|155
3|Institutional Racism|157
3|Macpherson’s Recommendations: (1) Responding to Racially Motivated Hatred|159
3|Reforms to Policing: (2) Police Relationships with Minority Ethnic Communities|170
2|Conclusion|180
2|References|182
1|6 Islamophobia and the Social Cohesion Agenda|188
2|Introduction|188
2|Islamophobia Within Britain|188
3|Islamophobia—Definition|189
3|The Rise and Spread of Islamophobia|193
3|Islamophobia and ‘New Racism‘|194
2|Social Disorder and Community Tension|196
3|The 2001 Disorders in Northern England|198
3|Initiatives Designed to Promote Social Cohesion|208
3|Segregation, Social Cohesion and Integration: Conclusion|223
2|Terrorism and the Threat to National Security|225
3|National Security, Extremism, Social Cohesion and Hate Crime: The Policy Framework|226
2|Tackling Terrorism|233
3|CONTEST|233
3|Anti-terrorist Legislation|237
2|Institutional Islamophobia|241
3|Muslim Culture and Lifestyles|242
3|‘UnBritish’ Values|243
3|Regressive Social Values|244
3|Education and Institutionalised Islamophobia|247
3|Institutional Islamophobia: Conclusion|248
2|Conclusion|249
2|References|250
1|7 Contemporary Political Extremism|258
2|Introduction|258
2|Extremist Political Ideology|259
3|Extremism|260
3|Fascism and Populism|263
2|Far Right Political Parties in the United Kingdom|267
3|The British National Party (BNP)|269
3|English Defence League (EDL)|273
3|Britain First|278
3|National Action|281
2|Contemporary Manifestations of Extremism—Islamophobia|282
3|Countering Islamophobia|285
2|Contemporary Manifestations of Extremism-Anti-Semitism|288
3|Left Wing Anti-Semitism|290
3|Anti-Semitism Within the Labour Party|291
2|Conclusion|298
2|References|299
1|8 The Response to Hate Crime: From 2010—Brexit|306
2|Introduction|306
2|The Coalition, Conservatives and Hate Crime Policy|306
3|Continuing Social Disorder—The 2011 Riots|308
3|Summary of Hate Crime Policy (2012–2016)|311
2|Brexit|312
3|The Leave Campaign and Immigration|314
3|Media Reporting of the Leave Campaign|315
3|The Remain Campaign and Immigration|321
3|The Outcome of the 2016 Referendum|321
3|Immigration and the Outcome of the Referendum Campaign|322
2|The UK Hate Crime Policy Framework|326
3|Post Brexit Hate Crime|327
2|Conclusion|329
2|References|330
1|9 Conclusion: Hate Crime—Brexit and Beyond|336
2|Introduction|336
2|Human Rights, Normative Consensus, and Social Cohesion|336
3|The Strategic Framework of Contemporary Hate Crime Policy|336
3|Prevent: Addressing (Illiberal) Beliefs and Attitudes|341
3|Prevent: Early Intervention and Awareness Raising|341
3|Respond and Protect: Action to Create Common Definitions|344
3|Respond and Protect: Action to Develop an Effective Criminal Justice Response|346
3|Respond and Protect: Collaborative Action and Institutions|355
3|Effectiveness: Governance, Evaluation, and Accountability|357
3|Understanding the Nature and Extent of Hate Crime|359
3|The Continuing Salience of Race and Religion|363
3|Intersectionality—Race and Religiously Motivated Hate Crime|367
2|Conclusion|369
2|References|372
1|Index|377
1|Contents|13
1|About the Authors|15
1|List of Figures|16
1|1 Racism and Hate Crime: Its Historical Roots|17
2|Introduction|17
2|Conceptual Ambiguity and Inconsistency|17
2|A History of Hate Crime|19
3|Anti-Semitism|20
3|Racism Directed at Early Black and Asian Immigrants|22
3|The Slave Trade|23
3|The Colonial Heritage|25
2|Competition for Scarce Resources and Political Threat|26
2|Nineteenth Century: Civil Unrest, Access Controls|30
2|Conclusion|32
2|References|33
1|2 Immigration Control and Racially Motivated Violence: 1900 to the early 1960s|36
2|Introduction|36
2|Anti-immigrant Sentiment in the Early Twentieth Century|37
2|Racial Unrest: 1914–1939|39
3|Anti-Semitism|43
3|The 1936 Public Order Act and Its Enforcement|49
2|The Second World War and Racial Discrimination|51
2|Racial Violence 1945—The Early 1960s|55
2|Immigration from the ‘New Commonwealth’|57
2|The Notting Hill Race Riots and Their Aftermath|59
3|Initiatives to Combat Racial Injustices in the Early 1960s|61
2|Conclusion|64
2|References|65
1|3 Racially Motivated Discrimination, Extremist Rhetoric, and Immigration Control: 1960 to the Early 1980s|69
2|Introduction|69
2|Race Relations and Immigration Control|70
3|The Race Relations Act 1965|71
2|Discrimination, Disadvantage, and Reforms to Race Relations Legislation|72
2|The 1976 Race Relations Act|74
3|Immigration Control|75
3|Communal Responses to Racism and Hate Crime|77
3|The Colony|81
2|The Politics of Hate|82
3|The National Front|82
3|The Conservative Party and Immigration Control|86
2|Social Reform to Alleviate Racial Disadvantage and Racism|88
2|Conclusion|91
2|References|92
1|4 Policing, Social Disorder, and Responding to Racially Motivated Offending in the 1980s and 1990s|96
2|Introduction|96
2|Accusations of Discriminatory Policing|97
3|New Cross Fire 1981|101
3|‘Police Against Black People’|103
2|The Brixton Riots and the Scarman Inquiry|106
3|Reforms to Policing Proposed in the Scarman Report|109
2|Public Order Act 1986|111
3|Racially Motivated Offending|111
3|Public Order Offences|112
2|Measuring Racial Attacks and Implementing Solutions|114
3|Developments to Combat Racial Violence After 1981|115
3|The Scale of Hate Crime in the Late 1980s and Early 1990s|118
3|Communal Responses to Racial Violence|122
3|Changes Affecting the Definition and Recording of Hate Crime During the 1990s|124
2|The Context of Hate Crime: Racial Prejudice and Discrimination|130
3|The Perpetrators of Racial Harassment and Violence|133
2|The Manningham Riots|135
2|Conclusion|137
2|References|140
1|5 Legislating Against Racially Aggravated Offending: From the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 to the Macpherson Report|147
2|Introduction|147
2|The Crime and Disorder Act 1998|148
2|The Macpherson Inquiry|152
3|Racial Violence in the 1990s|153
3|Background to the Macpherson Report (1999)|154
3|Findings of the Macpherson Report|155
3|Institutional Racism|157
3|Macpherson’s Recommendations: (1) Responding to Racially Motivated Hatred|159
3|Reforms to Policing: (2) Police Relationships with Minority Ethnic Communities|170
2|Conclusion|180
2|References|182
1|6 Islamophobia and the Social Cohesion Agenda|188
2|Introduction|188
2|Islamophobia Within Britain|188
3|Islamophobia—Definition|189
3|The Rise and Spread of Islamophobia|193
3|Islamophobia and ‘New Racism‘|194
2|Social Disorder and Community Tension|196
3|The 2001 Disorders in Northern England|198
3|Initiatives Designed to Promote Social Cohesion|208
3|Segregation, Social Cohesion and Integration: Conclusion|223
2|Terrorism and the Threat to National Security|225
3|National Security, Extremism, Social Cohesion and Hate Crime: The Policy Framework|226
2|Tackling Terrorism|233
3|CONTEST|233
3|Anti-terrorist Legislation|237
2|Institutional Islamophobia|241
3|Muslim Culture and Lifestyles|242
3|‘UnBritish’ Values|243
3|Regressive Social Values|244
3|Education and Institutionalised Islamophobia|247
3|Institutional Islamophobia: Conclusion|248
2|Conclusion|249
2|References|250
1|7 Contemporary Political Extremism|258
2|Introduction|258
2|Extremist Political Ideology|259
3|Extremism|260
3|Fascism and Populism|263
2|Far Right Political Parties in the United Kingdom|267
3|The British National Party (BNP)|269
3|English Defence League (EDL)|273
3|Britain First|278
3|National Action|281
2|Contemporary Manifestations of Extremism—Islamophobia|282
3|Countering Islamophobia|285
2|Contemporary Manifestations of Extremism-Anti-Semitism|288
3|Left Wing Anti-Semitism|290
3|Anti-Semitism Within the Labour Party|291
2|Conclusion|298
2|References|299
1|8 The Response to Hate Crime: From 2010—Brexit|306
2|Introduction|306
2|The Coalition, Conservatives and Hate Crime Policy|306
3|Continuing Social Disorder—The 2011 Riots|308
3|Summary of Hate Crime Policy (2012–2016)|311
2|Brexit|312
3|The Leave Campaign and Immigration|314
3|Media Reporting of the Leave Campaign|315
3|The Remain Campaign and Immigration|321
3|The Outcome of the 2016 Referendum|321
3|Immigration and the Outcome of the Referendum Campaign|322
2|The UK Hate Crime Policy Framework|326
3|Post Brexit Hate Crime|327
2|Conclusion|329
2|References|330
1|9 Conclusion: Hate Crime—Brexit and Beyond|336
2|Introduction|336
2|Human Rights, Normative Consensus, and Social Cohesion|336
3|The Strategic Framework of Contemporary Hate Crime Policy|336
3|Prevent: Addressing (Illiberal) Beliefs and Attitudes|341
3|Prevent: Early Intervention and Awareness Raising|341
3|Respond and Protect: Action to Create Common Definitions|344
3|Respond and Protect: Action to Develop an Effective Criminal Justice Response|346
3|Respond and Protect: Collaborative Action and Institutions|355
3|Effectiveness: Governance, Evaluation, and Accountability|357
3|Understanding the Nature and Extent of Hate Crime|359
3|The Continuing Salience of Race and Religion|363
3|Intersectionality—Race and Religiously Motivated Hate Crime|367
2|Conclusion|369
2|References|372
1|Index|377