File #2809: "2020_Book_CriminalisingCoerciveControl.pdf"
Testo
1|Foreword|5
1|Preface|8
1|Contents|11
1|Contributors|13
1|The Harms and Wrongs of Non-Physical Abuse|14
1|1 Criminalising Coercive Control: An Introduction|15
2|Abstract|15
2|1.1 Introduction|15
2|1.2 The Lacuna: Liability at Common Law for Causing Non-Physical Harm|17
2|1.3 Contemporary Offences Involving Non-Physical Harms|18
3|1.3.1 Assault|19
3|1.3.2 Stalking and Harassment|20
3|1.3.3 Restraining/Protection/Family Violence Orders|21
2|1.4 Coercive Control, Human Rights Abuse and Liberty Crimes|23
3|1.4.1 Domestic Abuse: A Public Health Perspective|26
3|1.4.2 Human Rights Abuse and the New Offences|26
2|1.5 Models for Criminalising the Causing of Psychological Harm|29
2|1.6 Concerns|31
3|1.6.1 What Interests Should the Criminal Law Protect?|31
3|1.6.2 Can the Offence Be Embedded Within Existing Socio-Political Frameworks?|32
3|1.6.3 Will There Be a Mistaken Charging of Victims?|33
3|1.6.4 Will These Offences Compound the Investigation, Prosecution and Evidentiary Challenges Associated with Domestic Violence?|33
3|1.6.5 Domestic Abuse as a Problem of Law|35
4|1.6.5.1 The Role of Law in Regulating Domestic Abuse|35
4|1.6.5.2 Do We Need a ‘Standalone’ Domestic Abuse Offence?|35
4|1.6.5.3 Dissipating Resources|36
4|1.6.5.4 Are the New Offences Undesirable Instances of Carceral Feminism?|36
2|1.7 Conclusion|37
2|References|38
2|Legislation|43
2|Cases|44
2|Other materials|44
1|2 The ‘Coercive Control Framework’: Making Law Work for Women|45
2|Abstract|45
2|2.1 Introduction: The Coercive Control Framework|45
2|2.2 The Scottish Framework: One Size May Not Fit All|46
2|2.3 Getting It Right: Does It Matter?|51
2|2.4 ‘More Law’ Versus Reframing How Law Works for Women|53
2|2.5 The Rationale for Coercive Control|55
2|2.6 Ultimate Values|57
2|References|59
1|3 Economic Abuse and Family Violence Across Cultures: Gendering Money and Assets Through Coercive Control|62
2|Abstract|62
2|3.1 Introduction|62
3|3.1.1 What Is Economic Abuse?|63
3|3.1.2 Economic Abuse, Family Violence and Coercive Control|63
3|3.1.3 The Prevalence of Economic Abuse|65
3|3.1.4 Economic Abuse, Family Violence and the Law|66
2|3.2 The Gender and Morality of Money|67
3|3.2.1 Money in Middle-Income Anglo-Celtic Marriage in Australia|68
3|3.2.2 Money in the Urban Patrilineal Joint Family in India|69
2|3.3 Studying Economic Abuse Across Cultures: The Empirical Investigation|70
3|3.3.1 The Participants|70
3|3.3.2 The Interviews|71
2|3.4 Narratives of Economic Abuse|72
3|3.4.1 No Money of Her Own|72
2|3.5 He Gave Her Coins, not Notes|74
3|3.5.1 The Joint Account Minus the Jointness|75
2|3.6 The Joint Account—‘My Model of a Marriage’|76
3|3.6.1 Male Control Without Morality|76
2|3.7 Conclusion: Criminalising Coercive Control|78
2|References|80
1|4 Coercive Control and Intimate Partner Homicide|84
2|Abstract|84
2|4.1 Introduction|85
2|4.2 Domestic Abuse and Coercive Control: The Golden Thread|87
2|4.3 Coercive Control as a Risk Factor for Intimate Partner Homicide|90
2|4.4 Coercive Control and Self-defence|93
2|4.5 Conclusion|97
2|References|97
2|Cases|101
1|Fixing a ‘Gap’ in the Law?|102
1|5 An Alternative Means of Prosecuting Non-Physical Domestic Abuse: Are Stalking Laws an Under-Utilised Resource?|103
2|Abstract|103
2|5.1 Introduction|103
2|5.2 Can Stalking Laws Be Used to Prosecute Non-Physical Abuse?|107
3|5.2.1 The Proscribed Behaviours|108
3|5.2.2 The Harm Requirement|109
2|5.3 Are Stalking Laws Being Used to Prosecute Non-Physical Abuse?|110
2|5.4 Should Stalking Laws Be Used to Prosecute Non-Physical Abuse?|112
3|5.4.1 Principles Supporting Criminal Liability|112
3|5.4.2 A Principle Opposing Criminal Liability|113
3|5.4.3 Balancing Competing Principles|113
2|5.5 Conclusion|116
2|References|117
2|Legislation|119
2|Cases|120
1|6 Evaluating Criminalisation as a Strategy in Relation to Non-Physical Family Violence|121
2|Abstract|121
2|6.1 Introduction|121
2|6.2 A Particular ‘Logic’ of Criminalisation?|122
3|6.2.1 Processes of Criminalisation|122
3|6.2.2 Modalities of Criminalisation|126
2|6.3 Models of Criminalisation: Pitfalls of Policy Transfer and Cross-Jurisdictional Borrowing in a Federation|130
2|6.4 The Implications of ‘Gap’-Filling as a Criminalisation Paradigm|134
2|Appendix 1|138
2|References|138
1|New Initiatives|142
1|7 Ahead of Their Time? The Offences of Economic and Emotional Abuse in Tasmania, Australia|143
2|Abstract|143
2|7.1 Introduction|143
2|7.2 Background to the Reforms|144
2|7.3 Family Violence Reform in Tasmania|145
2|7.4 The New Offences|148
3|7.4.1 Emotional Abuse or Intimidation|148
3|7.4.2 Economic Abuse|150
2|7.5 The Prosecutions|152
3|7.5.1 Prosecutions for Economic Abuse (s 8)|152
3|7.5.2 Prosecutions for Emotional Abuse (s 9)|153
3|7.5.3 Types of Behaviour Supporting Prosecutions|155
2|7.6 Impediments to Prosecuting the New Offences|157
3|7.6.1 Community Awareness|158
3|7.6.2 Police Training|159
3|7.6.3 Investigations|160
3|7.6.4 The Statutory Limitation Period|160
2|7.7 Conclusion: Have the New Offences Been Worthwhile?|162
2|References|164
2|Legislation|165
2|Cases|165
1|8 From Social Construct to Legal Innovation: The Offence of Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in England and Wales|167
2|Abstract|167
2|8.1 Introduction: Understanding the Problem|167
2|8.2 The Protection from Harassment Act|170
2|8.3 The Governmental Consultation|172
2|8.4 The New Offence: Serious Crime Act 2015 (E&W) s 76|173
3|8.4.1 The Difficulty with Coercive Control as Psychological Abuse|175
3|8.4.2 Using the End of the Relationship as a Legal Boundary|176
3|8.4.3 Moving Away from the Incident-Specific Focus: ‘Repeatedly or Continuously’|178
3|8.4.4 Bringing the Power Dimension into the Courtroom|180
2|8.5 Conclusion|181
2|References|182
1|9 The Making of the New ‘Gold Standard’: The Domestic Abuse (Scotland) Act 2018|184
2|Abstract|184
2|9.1 Introduction|184
2|9.2 The Scottish Context|185
2|9.3 Early Adoption of Coercive Control in Scotland|186
3|9.3.1 Gender (a)Symmetry|187
2|9.4 The Road to a Specific Offence|188
2|9.5 Notables Features of the Act|191
3|9.5.1 Course of Behaviour|191
3|9.5.2 Abusive Behaviour|193
3|9.5.3 ‘Is the Behaviour Harmful?’ Versus ‘How Much Did She Suffer?’|194
3|9.5.4 Children Experience Domestic Abuse Rather Than Merely ‘Witness’ It|194
2|9.6 Looking Ahead|197
2|References|199
1|A Way Forward?|202
1|10 A Comparative Evaluation of Offences: Criminalising Abusive Behaviour in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and Tasmania|203
2|Abstract|203
2|10.1 Introduction|203
2|10.2 Context|204
2|10.3 Actus Reus: The Prohibited Conduct|206
3|10.3.1 Behaviour|206
3|10.3.2 Frequency|209
3|10.3.3 Target of the Behaviour|211
3|10.3.4 Timeframe|211
2|10.4 Malum Reus: The Impact of the Behaviour|212
3|10.4.1 Proof of Impact|213
2|10.5 Mens Rea: The Mental Element|214
2|10.6 The Victim|216
2|10.7 Defences|218
2|10.8 Maximum Penalties|219
2|10.9 Conclusion|219
2|References|221
2|Legislation|223
2|Cases|223
1|11 Coercive Control as the Context for Intimate Partner Violence: The Challenge for the Legal System|224
2|Abstract|224
2|11.1 Introduction|225
2|11.2 Criminalising Coercive Control|226
3|11.2.1 Traditional Emphasis on Physical or Visible Forms of Violence|228
2|11.3 A Gap in Legislation or a Gap in Implementation?|232
3|11.3.1 Other Measures that Have Been Designed to Address the Limitations of the Criminal Law: Civil Protection Orders|232
3|11.3.2 Problems with Practice and Implementation Remain|234
3|11.3.3 Particular Challenges for the New Offences|236
2|11.4 Unintended Outcomes|238
3|11.4.1 Minimisation of Some Levels of Control|238
4|11.4.1.1 The Absence of a Gendered Understanding May Risk Women Being Identified as Offenders|239
2|11.5 More Than just a Discrete Offence|240
2|11.6 Conclusion|243
2|References|244
1|12 Alternative Constructions of a Family Violence Offence|248
2|Abstract|248
2|12.1 Introduction|248
2|12.2 Torture in Queensland|249
3|12.2.1 Background to the Offence|249
3|12.2.2 Introduction of the Offence of Torture in Queensland|250
3|12.2.3 The Application of Torture to Domestic and Family Violence|251
3|12.2.4 Limitations of Torture in Cases Involving Domestic and Family Violence|255
2|12.3 The ‘Worst’ Forms of Abuse|257
3|12.3.1 Case Studies|258
3|12.3.2 Falling Short of Torture|259
2|12.4 Introducing a New Offence: Cruelty|260
3|12.4.1 Constructing a Crime of Cruelty in Queensland|261
2|12.5 Conclusions|262
2|References|264
2|Legislation|265
2|Cases|265
1|Preface|8
1|Contents|11
1|Contributors|13
1|The Harms and Wrongs of Non-Physical Abuse|14
1|1 Criminalising Coercive Control: An Introduction|15
2|Abstract|15
2|1.1 Introduction|15
2|1.2 The Lacuna: Liability at Common Law for Causing Non-Physical Harm|17
2|1.3 Contemporary Offences Involving Non-Physical Harms|18
3|1.3.1 Assault|19
3|1.3.2 Stalking and Harassment|20
3|1.3.3 Restraining/Protection/Family Violence Orders|21
2|1.4 Coercive Control, Human Rights Abuse and Liberty Crimes|23
3|1.4.1 Domestic Abuse: A Public Health Perspective|26
3|1.4.2 Human Rights Abuse and the New Offences|26
2|1.5 Models for Criminalising the Causing of Psychological Harm|29
2|1.6 Concerns|31
3|1.6.1 What Interests Should the Criminal Law Protect?|31
3|1.6.2 Can the Offence Be Embedded Within Existing Socio-Political Frameworks?|32
3|1.6.3 Will There Be a Mistaken Charging of Victims?|33
3|1.6.4 Will These Offences Compound the Investigation, Prosecution and Evidentiary Challenges Associated with Domestic Violence?|33
3|1.6.5 Domestic Abuse as a Problem of Law|35
4|1.6.5.1 The Role of Law in Regulating Domestic Abuse|35
4|1.6.5.2 Do We Need a ‘Standalone’ Domestic Abuse Offence?|35
4|1.6.5.3 Dissipating Resources|36
4|1.6.5.4 Are the New Offences Undesirable Instances of Carceral Feminism?|36
2|1.7 Conclusion|37
2|References|38
2|Legislation|43
2|Cases|44
2|Other materials|44
1|2 The ‘Coercive Control Framework’: Making Law Work for Women|45
2|Abstract|45
2|2.1 Introduction: The Coercive Control Framework|45
2|2.2 The Scottish Framework: One Size May Not Fit All|46
2|2.3 Getting It Right: Does It Matter?|51
2|2.4 ‘More Law’ Versus Reframing How Law Works for Women|53
2|2.5 The Rationale for Coercive Control|55
2|2.6 Ultimate Values|57
2|References|59
1|3 Economic Abuse and Family Violence Across Cultures: Gendering Money and Assets Through Coercive Control|62
2|Abstract|62
2|3.1 Introduction|62
3|3.1.1 What Is Economic Abuse?|63
3|3.1.2 Economic Abuse, Family Violence and Coercive Control|63
3|3.1.3 The Prevalence of Economic Abuse|65
3|3.1.4 Economic Abuse, Family Violence and the Law|66
2|3.2 The Gender and Morality of Money|67
3|3.2.1 Money in Middle-Income Anglo-Celtic Marriage in Australia|68
3|3.2.2 Money in the Urban Patrilineal Joint Family in India|69
2|3.3 Studying Economic Abuse Across Cultures: The Empirical Investigation|70
3|3.3.1 The Participants|70
3|3.3.2 The Interviews|71
2|3.4 Narratives of Economic Abuse|72
3|3.4.1 No Money of Her Own|72
2|3.5 He Gave Her Coins, not Notes|74
3|3.5.1 The Joint Account Minus the Jointness|75
2|3.6 The Joint Account—‘My Model of a Marriage’|76
3|3.6.1 Male Control Without Morality|76
2|3.7 Conclusion: Criminalising Coercive Control|78
2|References|80
1|4 Coercive Control and Intimate Partner Homicide|84
2|Abstract|84
2|4.1 Introduction|85
2|4.2 Domestic Abuse and Coercive Control: The Golden Thread|87
2|4.3 Coercive Control as a Risk Factor for Intimate Partner Homicide|90
2|4.4 Coercive Control and Self-defence|93
2|4.5 Conclusion|97
2|References|97
2|Cases|101
1|Fixing a ‘Gap’ in the Law?|102
1|5 An Alternative Means of Prosecuting Non-Physical Domestic Abuse: Are Stalking Laws an Under-Utilised Resource?|103
2|Abstract|103
2|5.1 Introduction|103
2|5.2 Can Stalking Laws Be Used to Prosecute Non-Physical Abuse?|107
3|5.2.1 The Proscribed Behaviours|108
3|5.2.2 The Harm Requirement|109
2|5.3 Are Stalking Laws Being Used to Prosecute Non-Physical Abuse?|110
2|5.4 Should Stalking Laws Be Used to Prosecute Non-Physical Abuse?|112
3|5.4.1 Principles Supporting Criminal Liability|112
3|5.4.2 A Principle Opposing Criminal Liability|113
3|5.4.3 Balancing Competing Principles|113
2|5.5 Conclusion|116
2|References|117
2|Legislation|119
2|Cases|120
1|6 Evaluating Criminalisation as a Strategy in Relation to Non-Physical Family Violence|121
2|Abstract|121
2|6.1 Introduction|121
2|6.2 A Particular ‘Logic’ of Criminalisation?|122
3|6.2.1 Processes of Criminalisation|122
3|6.2.2 Modalities of Criminalisation|126
2|6.3 Models of Criminalisation: Pitfalls of Policy Transfer and Cross-Jurisdictional Borrowing in a Federation|130
2|6.4 The Implications of ‘Gap’-Filling as a Criminalisation Paradigm|134
2|Appendix 1|138
2|References|138
1|New Initiatives|142
1|7 Ahead of Their Time? The Offences of Economic and Emotional Abuse in Tasmania, Australia|143
2|Abstract|143
2|7.1 Introduction|143
2|7.2 Background to the Reforms|144
2|7.3 Family Violence Reform in Tasmania|145
2|7.4 The New Offences|148
3|7.4.1 Emotional Abuse or Intimidation|148
3|7.4.2 Economic Abuse|150
2|7.5 The Prosecutions|152
3|7.5.1 Prosecutions for Economic Abuse (s 8)|152
3|7.5.2 Prosecutions for Emotional Abuse (s 9)|153
3|7.5.3 Types of Behaviour Supporting Prosecutions|155
2|7.6 Impediments to Prosecuting the New Offences|157
3|7.6.1 Community Awareness|158
3|7.6.2 Police Training|159
3|7.6.3 Investigations|160
3|7.6.4 The Statutory Limitation Period|160
2|7.7 Conclusion: Have the New Offences Been Worthwhile?|162
2|References|164
2|Legislation|165
2|Cases|165
1|8 From Social Construct to Legal Innovation: The Offence of Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in England and Wales|167
2|Abstract|167
2|8.1 Introduction: Understanding the Problem|167
2|8.2 The Protection from Harassment Act|170
2|8.3 The Governmental Consultation|172
2|8.4 The New Offence: Serious Crime Act 2015 (E&W) s 76|173
3|8.4.1 The Difficulty with Coercive Control as Psychological Abuse|175
3|8.4.2 Using the End of the Relationship as a Legal Boundary|176
3|8.4.3 Moving Away from the Incident-Specific Focus: ‘Repeatedly or Continuously’|178
3|8.4.4 Bringing the Power Dimension into the Courtroom|180
2|8.5 Conclusion|181
2|References|182
1|9 The Making of the New ‘Gold Standard’: The Domestic Abuse (Scotland) Act 2018|184
2|Abstract|184
2|9.1 Introduction|184
2|9.2 The Scottish Context|185
2|9.3 Early Adoption of Coercive Control in Scotland|186
3|9.3.1 Gender (a)Symmetry|187
2|9.4 The Road to a Specific Offence|188
2|9.5 Notables Features of the Act|191
3|9.5.1 Course of Behaviour|191
3|9.5.2 Abusive Behaviour|193
3|9.5.3 ‘Is the Behaviour Harmful?’ Versus ‘How Much Did She Suffer?’|194
3|9.5.4 Children Experience Domestic Abuse Rather Than Merely ‘Witness’ It|194
2|9.6 Looking Ahead|197
2|References|199
1|A Way Forward?|202
1|10 A Comparative Evaluation of Offences: Criminalising Abusive Behaviour in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and Tasmania|203
2|Abstract|203
2|10.1 Introduction|203
2|10.2 Context|204
2|10.3 Actus Reus: The Prohibited Conduct|206
3|10.3.1 Behaviour|206
3|10.3.2 Frequency|209
3|10.3.3 Target of the Behaviour|211
3|10.3.4 Timeframe|211
2|10.4 Malum Reus: The Impact of the Behaviour|212
3|10.4.1 Proof of Impact|213
2|10.5 Mens Rea: The Mental Element|214
2|10.6 The Victim|216
2|10.7 Defences|218
2|10.8 Maximum Penalties|219
2|10.9 Conclusion|219
2|References|221
2|Legislation|223
2|Cases|223
1|11 Coercive Control as the Context for Intimate Partner Violence: The Challenge for the Legal System|224
2|Abstract|224
2|11.1 Introduction|225
2|11.2 Criminalising Coercive Control|226
3|11.2.1 Traditional Emphasis on Physical or Visible Forms of Violence|228
2|11.3 A Gap in Legislation or a Gap in Implementation?|232
3|11.3.1 Other Measures that Have Been Designed to Address the Limitations of the Criminal Law: Civil Protection Orders|232
3|11.3.2 Problems with Practice and Implementation Remain|234
3|11.3.3 Particular Challenges for the New Offences|236
2|11.4 Unintended Outcomes|238
3|11.4.1 Minimisation of Some Levels of Control|238
4|11.4.1.1 The Absence of a Gendered Understanding May Risk Women Being Identified as Offenders|239
2|11.5 More Than just a Discrete Offence|240
2|11.6 Conclusion|243
2|References|244
1|12 Alternative Constructions of a Family Violence Offence|248
2|Abstract|248
2|12.1 Introduction|248
2|12.2 Torture in Queensland|249
3|12.2.1 Background to the Offence|249
3|12.2.2 Introduction of the Offence of Torture in Queensland|250
3|12.2.3 The Application of Torture to Domestic and Family Violence|251
3|12.2.4 Limitations of Torture in Cases Involving Domestic and Family Violence|255
2|12.3 The ‘Worst’ Forms of Abuse|257
3|12.3.1 Case Studies|258
3|12.3.2 Falling Short of Torture|259
2|12.4 Introducing a New Offence: Cruelty|260
3|12.4.1 Constructing a Crime of Cruelty in Queensland|261
2|12.5 Conclusions|262
2|References|264
2|Legislation|265
2|Cases|265