File #2842: "2020_Book_GangsInTheEraOfInternetAndSoci.pdf"
Testo
1|Introduction|5
1|Gangs and the Rise of Social Media|6
1|Contents of this Volume|7
1|References|11
1|Contents|12
1|Author Biographies|14
1|Chapter 1: Assessing Traditional and Nontraditional Data Collection Methods to Study Online Phenomena|20
2|1.1 Understanding the Structure of the Internet|21
2|1.2 Assessing Forums, Bulletin Boards, and Newsgroups|22
2|1.3 Websites, Blogs, and Texts|26
2|1.4 Email, Instant Messaging, and Video Chat Services|28
2|1.5 Methodological Concerns and Practices in Internet-Based Research|29
2|1.6 Risks to Researchers While in the Field|33
2|1.7 Discussion and Conclusions|34
2|References|35
1|Chapter 2: Ethical and Methodological Issues in Gang Ethnography in the Digital Age: Lessons from Four Studies in an Emerging Field|39
2|2.1 Introduction|39
2|2.2 Studying Gang Members and Street-Involved Groups Online|40
2|2.3 Unexpected Turns and Lessons Learned: Experiences from Four Studies|44
3|2.3.1 James’ Story: The Early Days of Gangland Online|44
3|2.3.2 Robby’s Story: On the Streets and in the Feeds|46
3|2.3.3 Marta’s Story: “Yo, You Got Instagram?”|48
3|2.3.4 Michelle’s Story: Do No Harm|49
2|2.4 The Ethics of Gang Ethnography in the Social Media Age|51
2|2.5 Concluding Thoughts on the Future of Gang Ethnography|53
2|References|56
1|Chapter 3: Researching Transnational Gangs as Agents of Mediation in the Digital Era|60
2|3.1 Introduction|60
2|3.2 Subcultural Gang Traditions Worldwide: From Classical Gangs to Gangs 2.0|61
2|3.3 Challenges for (Re)defining Gangs in the twenty-first century|63
2|3.4 Gangs in a Digital Era: Online Gangs’ Performance and Some Methodological Notes|65
2|3.5 Gang Members as Informal/Natural Mediators|67
2|3.6 Defining 2.0 Gangs: Beyond Criminological Perspectives|69
2|3.7 Conclusion: Gang Research as an Empowerment Action|72
2|References|73
1|Chapter 4: Women and Gangs in the Digital Media: A Distorted Image?|77
2|4.1 Introduction|77
2|4.2 State of the Literature|78
2|4.3 Methodology|80
2|4.4 Results|81
3|4.4.1 Honduras|82
3|4.4.2 El Salvador|88
2|4.5 Conclusion|91
2|References|92
1|Chapter 5: The Role of Online Communication Among Gang and Non-gang Youth|96
2|5.1 Introduction|96
2|5.2 Literature Review|97
3|5.2.1 Street Orientation of Gangs|97
3|5.2.2 Peer Influence|98
3|5.2.3 Online Influence|99
2|5.3 Current Study|101
3|5.3.1 Research Design|101
3|5.3.2 Site Selection|102
3|5.3.3 Active Parental Consent|102
3|5.3.4 Data and Sample Description|102
3|5.3.5 Analytic Strategy|104
2|5.4 Results|106
3|5.4.1 Risk Factors|106
3|5.4.2 Online Communication|106
3|5.4.3 The Effect of Offline and Online Peers|107
2|5.5 Discussion|112
2|Measures|115
2|References|117
1|Chapter 6: Examining the Physical Manifestation of Alt-Right Gangs: From Online Trolling to Street Fighting|120
2|6.1 Introduction|120
2|6.2 The Alt-Right’s Ascendancy|121
2|6.3 Emergence of Alt-Right Groups from Digital to Physical|122
2|6.4 What Is an Alt-Right Gang?|123
3|6.4.1 Role of Ideology/Cultural Identity|125
3|6.4.2 Use of Physical and Digital Space as Territory|125
2|6.5 Case Study: The Proud Boys|127
2|6.6 Data and Methodology of the Case Study|128
3|6.6.1 Data|128
3|6.6.2 Analysis|129
2|6.7 Results and Discussion|130
3|6.7.1 Group-Level Analysis|130
3|6.7.2 Individual-Level Analysis|134
3|6.7.3 Event Analysis|139
2|6.8 Conclusion|141
2|Bibliography|143
1|Chapter 7: Youth Perspectives on Gangs, Violence, and Social Media in a High Crime City|150
2|7.1 Introduction|150
2|7.2 Literature Review|151
3|7.2.1 Gangs and Social Media|151
3|7.2.2 Youths and Social Media|153
2|7.3 Methods|156
2|7.4 Results|157
3|7.4.1 Gang Activity|157
3|7.4.2 Gangs and Social Media|159
3|7.4.3 Youth and Social Media|160
2|7.5 Discussion|163
2|References|166
1|Chapter 8: Leaving Gangs – Failed Brotherhood and Reconstructed Masculinities|169
2|8.1 Introduction|169
2|8.2 Gangs in Sweden|170
2|8.3 Gangs as Arenas for Homosocial Masculinity and Brotherhood|171
2|8.4 Common Notions in Gang Masculinities|172
2|8.5 Data Collection and Analysis|174
2|8.6 Dreams of Respect and Brotherhood Versus Reality|175
2|8.7 Navigation from Gangs – Moral and Emotional Transformations of Masculinity|178
2|8.8 Being There for Others|180
2|8.9 Being There for Yourself|181
2|8.10 Discussion and Conclusion|184
2|References|186
1|Chapter 9: Anger with Love: How Professionals Get Through to High-Risk Youth in Troublesome Groups|188
2|9.1 Introduction|188
2|9.2 High-Risk Youth in the Netherlands|191
2|9.3 Group Norms and Deviant Behavior|192
2|9.4 Defining and Conceptualizing “Anger with Love”|193
3|9.4.1 Parenting Styles|195
2|9.5 Central Hypotheses|195
2|9.6 Study 1: ”Anger with Love” Among High-Risk Youth|196
3|9.6.1 Results: Qualitative Research|197
3|9.6.2 Summary|199
2|9.7 Study 2: “Anger with Love” Among Students|199
3|9.7.1 Procedure|200
3|9.7.2 Participants|200
3|9.7.3 Measures|200
4|9.7.3.1 Self-Reported Delinquency|200
4|9.7.3.2 Perceptions About the Professional: ‘Anger with Love’|201
4|9.7.3.3 Perceived Delinquent Group Norms|201
4|9.7.3.4 Social Desirability|202
3|9.7.4 Analytic Strategy|202
3|9.7.5 Results|203
3|9.7.6 Summary|204
2|9.8 General Discussion|204
2|References|206
1|Chapter 10: New Meanings, New Communities, and New Identities?|211
2|10.1 Introduction|211
2|10.2 Concepts and Analytical Frameworks – Studying Exit Processes and Dialogical Practices as Movements Beyond Liminality in a Danish Context|213
3|10.2.1 Studying Exit Processes from the Danish “Biker Gang Environment”|213
3|10.2.2 Research on Gang Exit|214
3|10.2.3 Identity Formation – Rituality and Mo(ve)ments Beyond Liminality|215
3|10.2.4 “Making Good” – Dialogical Practices as Rituals of Desistance and Transition|216
2|10.3 Methodology: A Phenomenon-Driven Social Practice Ethnography Following Persons in Practice|216
3|10.3.1 Co-researcher Ethics|219
3|10.3.2 Mo(ve)ment Ethnography of Identity Formation: From a “Subject Standpoint and Perspective”|220
3|10.3.3 Backgrounds and Engagements of the Ten Research Participants|220
2|10.4 The Struggle of Becoming and Movements Beyond Liminality|221
3|10.4.1 Nabil (N5)|222
3|10.4.2 Simon (N6)|222
3|10.4.3 Richard (N10)|223
3|10.4.4 Transitional Phases: Former, “Betwixt and Between,” and Consolidation of New Identities|223
2|10.5 Forms of Dialogical Practice – Performance, Meanings, and Ritual Passage|226
3|10.5.1 Critical Collaborations for Change|226
3|10.5.2 Biographies and Keynote Talks|227
3|10.5.3 The Performing Arts|228
2|10.6 Possibilities of Engagement in Dialogical Practice|229
2|10.7 The Potential Risks of Formers’ Engagement in Dialogical Practice|230
3|10.7.1 Negotiating Conflicts of Interests|232
2|10.8 Conclusion|232
2|References|233
1|Chapter 11: The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Disengagement from Gangs|236
2|11.1 Religion and Crime|238
2|11.2 Religion and Crime Groups|239
2|11.3 The Current Study|241
2|11.4 Methods|242
3|11.4.1 Data|242
3|11.4.2 Gang Measures|243
3|11.4.3 Religion and Spirituality Measures|245
3|11.4.4 Analytic Strategy|247
2|11.5 Results|247
3|11.5.1 Motives and Methods for Leaving the Gang|247
3|11.5.2 Differences in Religion and Spirituality by Current and Former Gang Membership|250
3|11.5.3 Differences in Religion and Spirituality by Proximity to Gang Leaving|252
2|11.6 Conclusions|255
2|Appendix A: Items comprising the spirituality and religious fundamentalism scales, partitioned by gang status (N = 441)|256
2|References|257
1|Chapter 12: Misconduct Among Incarcerated Gang and Non-gang Youth: The Role of Structured and Unstructured Activities|261
2|12.1 Introduction|261
2|12.2 Literature Review|263
3|12.2.1 Correctional Violence|263
3|12.2.2 Factors Influencing Gang Involvement and Violence|264
3|12.2.3 Subculture of Violence and Gang Involvement|264
3|12.2.4 Structured/Unstructured Activities|266
3|12.2.5 Hypotheses|266
2|12.3 Methods|267
3|12.3.1 Data and Institutional Context|267
3|12.3.2 Analysis Plan|267
3|12.3.3 Dependent Variable|268
3|12.3.4 Independent Variables|268
2|12.4 Results|269
3|12.4.1 Quantitative Analyses|270
2|12.5 Supplemental Qualitative Analyses|273
3|12.5.1 Unique Aspects of the Youth Correctional Environment|273
3|12.5.2 Summary of Findings|274
3|12.5.3 Theoretical and Policy Implications|275
3|12.5.4 Conclusion|276
2|Bibliography|277
1|Chapter 13: Understanding Adverse Effects in Gang-Focused Interventions: A Critical Review|281
2|13.1 What Causes Adverse Effects?|282
2|13.2 The Present Study|284
2|13.3 Method|284
2|13.4 Results|284
3|13.4.1 Intensive Supervision Probation: Los Angeles, CA (1988–1989)|286
3|13.4.2 Intensive Aftercare Program: Las Vegas, NV (1995–2000)|288
3|13.4.3 Comprehensive Community-Wide Approach to Gang Prevention, Intervention, and Suppression: Riverside, CA (1997–2000)|290
3|13.4.4 Environmental Youth Corps: Mobile, AL (1992–1993)|293
2|13.5 Discussion|295
3|13.5.1 Moving Forward: Adverse Effects in the Age of the Internet and Social Media|296
2|References|298
1|Chapter 14: Moral Disengagement and Gangs|301
2|14.1 Moral Psychology and Antisocial Behaviour|302
3|14.1.1 Moral Disengagement|303
3|14.1.2 Discriminant Moral Disengagement|305
2|14.2 Moral Interventions|308
3|14.2.1 For Antisocial Behaviour|309
3|14.2.2 For Gangs|310
3|14.2.3 Online Policing|313
2|14.3 The Place of Morality Within Gang Research and Interventions: Future Directions?|314
2|References|316
1|Index|322
1|Gangs and the Rise of Social Media|6
1|Contents of this Volume|7
1|References|11
1|Contents|12
1|Author Biographies|14
1|Chapter 1: Assessing Traditional and Nontraditional Data Collection Methods to Study Online Phenomena|20
2|1.1 Understanding the Structure of the Internet|21
2|1.2 Assessing Forums, Bulletin Boards, and Newsgroups|22
2|1.3 Websites, Blogs, and Texts|26
2|1.4 Email, Instant Messaging, and Video Chat Services|28
2|1.5 Methodological Concerns and Practices in Internet-Based Research|29
2|1.6 Risks to Researchers While in the Field|33
2|1.7 Discussion and Conclusions|34
2|References|35
1|Chapter 2: Ethical and Methodological Issues in Gang Ethnography in the Digital Age: Lessons from Four Studies in an Emerging Field|39
2|2.1 Introduction|39
2|2.2 Studying Gang Members and Street-Involved Groups Online|40
2|2.3 Unexpected Turns and Lessons Learned: Experiences from Four Studies|44
3|2.3.1 James’ Story: The Early Days of Gangland Online|44
3|2.3.2 Robby’s Story: On the Streets and in the Feeds|46
3|2.3.3 Marta’s Story: “Yo, You Got Instagram?”|48
3|2.3.4 Michelle’s Story: Do No Harm|49
2|2.4 The Ethics of Gang Ethnography in the Social Media Age|51
2|2.5 Concluding Thoughts on the Future of Gang Ethnography|53
2|References|56
1|Chapter 3: Researching Transnational Gangs as Agents of Mediation in the Digital Era|60
2|3.1 Introduction|60
2|3.2 Subcultural Gang Traditions Worldwide: From Classical Gangs to Gangs 2.0|61
2|3.3 Challenges for (Re)defining Gangs in the twenty-first century|63
2|3.4 Gangs in a Digital Era: Online Gangs’ Performance and Some Methodological Notes|65
2|3.5 Gang Members as Informal/Natural Mediators|67
2|3.6 Defining 2.0 Gangs: Beyond Criminological Perspectives|69
2|3.7 Conclusion: Gang Research as an Empowerment Action|72
2|References|73
1|Chapter 4: Women and Gangs in the Digital Media: A Distorted Image?|77
2|4.1 Introduction|77
2|4.2 State of the Literature|78
2|4.3 Methodology|80
2|4.4 Results|81
3|4.4.1 Honduras|82
3|4.4.2 El Salvador|88
2|4.5 Conclusion|91
2|References|92
1|Chapter 5: The Role of Online Communication Among Gang and Non-gang Youth|96
2|5.1 Introduction|96
2|5.2 Literature Review|97
3|5.2.1 Street Orientation of Gangs|97
3|5.2.2 Peer Influence|98
3|5.2.3 Online Influence|99
2|5.3 Current Study|101
3|5.3.1 Research Design|101
3|5.3.2 Site Selection|102
3|5.3.3 Active Parental Consent|102
3|5.3.4 Data and Sample Description|102
3|5.3.5 Analytic Strategy|104
2|5.4 Results|106
3|5.4.1 Risk Factors|106
3|5.4.2 Online Communication|106
3|5.4.3 The Effect of Offline and Online Peers|107
2|5.5 Discussion|112
2|Measures|115
2|References|117
1|Chapter 6: Examining the Physical Manifestation of Alt-Right Gangs: From Online Trolling to Street Fighting|120
2|6.1 Introduction|120
2|6.2 The Alt-Right’s Ascendancy|121
2|6.3 Emergence of Alt-Right Groups from Digital to Physical|122
2|6.4 What Is an Alt-Right Gang?|123
3|6.4.1 Role of Ideology/Cultural Identity|125
3|6.4.2 Use of Physical and Digital Space as Territory|125
2|6.5 Case Study: The Proud Boys|127
2|6.6 Data and Methodology of the Case Study|128
3|6.6.1 Data|128
3|6.6.2 Analysis|129
2|6.7 Results and Discussion|130
3|6.7.1 Group-Level Analysis|130
3|6.7.2 Individual-Level Analysis|134
3|6.7.3 Event Analysis|139
2|6.8 Conclusion|141
2|Bibliography|143
1|Chapter 7: Youth Perspectives on Gangs, Violence, and Social Media in a High Crime City|150
2|7.1 Introduction|150
2|7.2 Literature Review|151
3|7.2.1 Gangs and Social Media|151
3|7.2.2 Youths and Social Media|153
2|7.3 Methods|156
2|7.4 Results|157
3|7.4.1 Gang Activity|157
3|7.4.2 Gangs and Social Media|159
3|7.4.3 Youth and Social Media|160
2|7.5 Discussion|163
2|References|166
1|Chapter 8: Leaving Gangs – Failed Brotherhood and Reconstructed Masculinities|169
2|8.1 Introduction|169
2|8.2 Gangs in Sweden|170
2|8.3 Gangs as Arenas for Homosocial Masculinity and Brotherhood|171
2|8.4 Common Notions in Gang Masculinities|172
2|8.5 Data Collection and Analysis|174
2|8.6 Dreams of Respect and Brotherhood Versus Reality|175
2|8.7 Navigation from Gangs – Moral and Emotional Transformations of Masculinity|178
2|8.8 Being There for Others|180
2|8.9 Being There for Yourself|181
2|8.10 Discussion and Conclusion|184
2|References|186
1|Chapter 9: Anger with Love: How Professionals Get Through to High-Risk Youth in Troublesome Groups|188
2|9.1 Introduction|188
2|9.2 High-Risk Youth in the Netherlands|191
2|9.3 Group Norms and Deviant Behavior|192
2|9.4 Defining and Conceptualizing “Anger with Love”|193
3|9.4.1 Parenting Styles|195
2|9.5 Central Hypotheses|195
2|9.6 Study 1: ”Anger with Love” Among High-Risk Youth|196
3|9.6.1 Results: Qualitative Research|197
3|9.6.2 Summary|199
2|9.7 Study 2: “Anger with Love” Among Students|199
3|9.7.1 Procedure|200
3|9.7.2 Participants|200
3|9.7.3 Measures|200
4|9.7.3.1 Self-Reported Delinquency|200
4|9.7.3.2 Perceptions About the Professional: ‘Anger with Love’|201
4|9.7.3.3 Perceived Delinquent Group Norms|201
4|9.7.3.4 Social Desirability|202
3|9.7.4 Analytic Strategy|202
3|9.7.5 Results|203
3|9.7.6 Summary|204
2|9.8 General Discussion|204
2|References|206
1|Chapter 10: New Meanings, New Communities, and New Identities?|211
2|10.1 Introduction|211
2|10.2 Concepts and Analytical Frameworks – Studying Exit Processes and Dialogical Practices as Movements Beyond Liminality in a Danish Context|213
3|10.2.1 Studying Exit Processes from the Danish “Biker Gang Environment”|213
3|10.2.2 Research on Gang Exit|214
3|10.2.3 Identity Formation – Rituality and Mo(ve)ments Beyond Liminality|215
3|10.2.4 “Making Good” – Dialogical Practices as Rituals of Desistance and Transition|216
2|10.3 Methodology: A Phenomenon-Driven Social Practice Ethnography Following Persons in Practice|216
3|10.3.1 Co-researcher Ethics|219
3|10.3.2 Mo(ve)ment Ethnography of Identity Formation: From a “Subject Standpoint and Perspective”|220
3|10.3.3 Backgrounds and Engagements of the Ten Research Participants|220
2|10.4 The Struggle of Becoming and Movements Beyond Liminality|221
3|10.4.1 Nabil (N5)|222
3|10.4.2 Simon (N6)|222
3|10.4.3 Richard (N10)|223
3|10.4.4 Transitional Phases: Former, “Betwixt and Between,” and Consolidation of New Identities|223
2|10.5 Forms of Dialogical Practice – Performance, Meanings, and Ritual Passage|226
3|10.5.1 Critical Collaborations for Change|226
3|10.5.2 Biographies and Keynote Talks|227
3|10.5.3 The Performing Arts|228
2|10.6 Possibilities of Engagement in Dialogical Practice|229
2|10.7 The Potential Risks of Formers’ Engagement in Dialogical Practice|230
3|10.7.1 Negotiating Conflicts of Interests|232
2|10.8 Conclusion|232
2|References|233
1|Chapter 11: The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Disengagement from Gangs|236
2|11.1 Religion and Crime|238
2|11.2 Religion and Crime Groups|239
2|11.3 The Current Study|241
2|11.4 Methods|242
3|11.4.1 Data|242
3|11.4.2 Gang Measures|243
3|11.4.3 Religion and Spirituality Measures|245
3|11.4.4 Analytic Strategy|247
2|11.5 Results|247
3|11.5.1 Motives and Methods for Leaving the Gang|247
3|11.5.2 Differences in Religion and Spirituality by Current and Former Gang Membership|250
3|11.5.3 Differences in Religion and Spirituality by Proximity to Gang Leaving|252
2|11.6 Conclusions|255
2|Appendix A: Items comprising the spirituality and religious fundamentalism scales, partitioned by gang status (N = 441)|256
2|References|257
1|Chapter 12: Misconduct Among Incarcerated Gang and Non-gang Youth: The Role of Structured and Unstructured Activities|261
2|12.1 Introduction|261
2|12.2 Literature Review|263
3|12.2.1 Correctional Violence|263
3|12.2.2 Factors Influencing Gang Involvement and Violence|264
3|12.2.3 Subculture of Violence and Gang Involvement|264
3|12.2.4 Structured/Unstructured Activities|266
3|12.2.5 Hypotheses|266
2|12.3 Methods|267
3|12.3.1 Data and Institutional Context|267
3|12.3.2 Analysis Plan|267
3|12.3.3 Dependent Variable|268
3|12.3.4 Independent Variables|268
2|12.4 Results|269
3|12.4.1 Quantitative Analyses|270
2|12.5 Supplemental Qualitative Analyses|273
3|12.5.1 Unique Aspects of the Youth Correctional Environment|273
3|12.5.2 Summary of Findings|274
3|12.5.3 Theoretical and Policy Implications|275
3|12.5.4 Conclusion|276
2|Bibliography|277
1|Chapter 13: Understanding Adverse Effects in Gang-Focused Interventions: A Critical Review|281
2|13.1 What Causes Adverse Effects?|282
2|13.2 The Present Study|284
2|13.3 Method|284
2|13.4 Results|284
3|13.4.1 Intensive Supervision Probation: Los Angeles, CA (1988–1989)|286
3|13.4.2 Intensive Aftercare Program: Las Vegas, NV (1995–2000)|288
3|13.4.3 Comprehensive Community-Wide Approach to Gang Prevention, Intervention, and Suppression: Riverside, CA (1997–2000)|290
3|13.4.4 Environmental Youth Corps: Mobile, AL (1992–1993)|293
2|13.5 Discussion|295
3|13.5.1 Moving Forward: Adverse Effects in the Age of the Internet and Social Media|296
2|References|298
1|Chapter 14: Moral Disengagement and Gangs|301
2|14.1 Moral Psychology and Antisocial Behaviour|302
3|14.1.1 Moral Disengagement|303
3|14.1.2 Discriminant Moral Disengagement|305
2|14.2 Moral Interventions|308
3|14.2.1 For Antisocial Behaviour|309
3|14.2.2 For Gangs|310
3|14.2.3 Online Policing|313
2|14.3 The Place of Morality Within Gang Research and Interventions: Future Directions?|314
2|References|316
1|Index|322