File #2843: "2020_Book_SustainableConsumption.pdf"
Testo
1|Foreword|5
1|Foreword|6
2|References|7
1|Contents|8
1|Abbreviations and Acronyms|11
1|List of Figures|15
1|List of Tables|16
1|Chapter 1: An Introduction to Sustainable Consumption and the Law|17
2|1.1 Contribution to the Field|18
2|1.2 Conceptual and Normative Frameworks|20
2|1.3 Structure of the Book|21
2|References|24
1|Part I: Consumer Law and Sustainable Consumption|26
2|Chapter 2: International and Transnational Consumer Law on Sustainable Consumption|27
3|2.1 Introduction|28
3|2.2 Sustainable Consumption|28
3|2.3 The UN Guidelines: The First Global Document on Consumer Protection|29
3|2.4 Other Transnational Regulation Attempts: The OECD Guidelines|34
3|2.5 Regional Consumer Law: The European Union Legal Framework|34
3|2.6 Regional Consumer Law: Las Conferencias Especializadas Interamericanas Sobre Derecho Internacional Privado (CIDIP)|35
3|2.7 Initiatives by NGOs: Consumers International|37
3|2.8 Conclusion|37
3|References|38
2|Chapter 3: Sustainable Consumption and Obsolescence of Consumer Products|40
3|3.1 Introduction|41
3|3.2 Prohibiting Planned Obsolescence|42
4|3.2.1 A Typology of Obsolescence|42
4|3.2.2 Definition of Planned Obsolescence|43
4|3.2.3 Current Legal Standards|44
3|3.3 General Obligation of Product Sustainability|45
4|3.3.1 Quebec|45
4|3.3.2 New Brunswick|46
4|3.3.3 Saskatchewan|47
4|3.3.4 Countries of the European Union|48
3|3.4 Setting Fixed Time Limits for Sustainability|49
4|3.4.1 The Netherlands|50
4|3.4.2 France|50
4|3.4.3 The European Union|53
3|3.5 The Obligation to Repair and After-Sales Services|53
4|3.5.1 Quebec|54
4|3.5.2 Saskatchewan|55
4|3.5.3 Europe|55
3|3.6 Standardization and Certification|56
3|3.7 Conclusions and Way Forward|57
3|References|59
2|Chapter 4: The Shift from Consumer Protection to Consumer Empowerment and the Consequences for Sustainable Consumption|61
3|4.1 Introduction|62
3|4.2 Consumer Law and Market Liberal Theory|63
3|4.3 The Development of the Consumer Society|64
3|4.4 Current Modes of Consumption|64
3|4.5 The Limits of Development|66
3|4.6 Collaborative Consumption|67
3|4.7 The Evolution of Consumer Protection Rules|68
3|4.8 Conclusions|70
3|References|72
2|Chapter 5: Sustainable Consumption and Brazilian Consumer Behaviour|74
3|5.1 Introduction|75
3|5.2 Consumer Society and the Consumer Decision-Making Process|77
3|5.3 From Green Consumption to Sustainable Consumption|81
3|5.4 A Regulatory Model for Environmental Protection|83
3|5.5 Final Considerations|84
3|References|85
1|Part II: Traditional Legal Disciplines and Sustainable Consumption|87
2|Chapter 6: The Role of Sustainable Consumption and Disaster Law in Climate Risk Management|88
3|6.1 Introduction|89
3|6.2 The Foundations of Disaster Law in Brazil|90
4|6.2.1 Interdisciplinarity and Autonomy|92
3|6.3 Unsustainable Consumption and Climate: The Human Dimensions of Change|95
4|6.3.1 Sustainable Consumption As a Pillar of Effective Disaster Risk Management|97
4|6.3.2 The Normative Semantics of Sustainable Development in Brazil|98
4|6.3.3 Energy Efficiency and Consumption: Brazilian Perspectives in a Climate Adaptation Scenario|100
4|6.3.4 The Role of Sustainable Behaviour in the Process of Climate Risk Management|102
3|6.4 The Regulatory Contribution to the Process of Inducing Sustainable Behaviour|106
3|6.5 Final Considerations|108
3|References|109
2|Chapter 7: Sustainable Public Procurement in Brazil|113
3|7.1 Introduction|114
3|7.2 Sustainable Public Procurement|114
3|7.3 The Challenges of Public Governance in Support of Sustainable Public Procurement|116
4|7.3.1 The `Environmental Agenda in Public Administration´ (AP3)|117
4|7.3.2 Sustainable Shared Purchases|118
4|7.3.3 The Work of the Office of the Attorney General to Support Sustainable Public Procurement|120
4|7.3.4 Governance Through Sustainability and Network Articulation|121
3|7.4 Sustainable Public Procurement in Brazil: Ethical Emphasis on the Future|122
3|References|125
2|Chapter 8: The Preventive Function and Sustainable Consumption: A Creative Challenge for Attorneys|127
3|8.1 Introduction|128
3|8.2 The Principle of Prevention Before and After the New Argentinian Civil and Commercial Code|129
3|8.3 The Features of the Breach of Prevention Duties|133
4|8.3.1 Party Legitimation: The Plaintiff and the Defendant|133
3|8.4 Effects of the Judgement|135
4|8.4.1 Prevention and Horticultural Production: Rules Applicable to Environmentally Sustainable Production|135
4|8.4.2 Potential Damage|135
4|8.4.3 Prevention|137
4|8.4.4 Avoidance|137
4|8.4.5 Risk|138
4|8.4.6 Causality|138
3|8.5 Prevention Duties and Sustainable Consumption: Prevention and Horticultural Production-Rules Applicable to Environmentally...|139
3|8.6 Conclusion: Impact on the Practice and Teaching of Law|142
3|References|143
2|Chapter 9: Taking Care of Business: Engaging Dialogue on Solutions to Unsustainable Commercial Practices|144
3|9.1 Introduction|145
3|9.2 Relationships Between Consumption and the Environment|145
3|9.3 The Principle of Sustainability|146
3|9.4 The Problem of Commercial Practices in Consumer Relations|148
3|9.5 Unsustainable Commercial Practices as Unfair Practices|154
3|9.6 Conclusions|157
3|References|158
2|Chapter 10: Consumer Law and Sustainability: The Work of the United Nations|160
3|10.1 Introduction|161
3|10.2 Historical Background|161
3|10.3 Consumer Rights and Sustainability|163
3|10.4 Education, Sustainable Cities and Communities, Responsible Consumption and Production, and Measures to Combat Climate Cha...|165
3|10.5 The Answers: What to Expect in the Future?|167
3|10.6 Conclusion|170
3|References|172
3|Further Reading|172
2|Chapter 11: International Trade in Environmental Goods and Services and Sustainable Production and Consumption|173
3|11.1 Introduction|174
3|11.2 The Multiple Conceptualizations of Environmental Goods and Services|175
4|11.2.1 The Close Interrelation of Environmental Goods and Environmental Services|176
4|11.2.2 Environmental Goods and Services, Environmentally Preferable Products and Sustainable Consumption|177
3|11.3 International Trade Agreements, Environmental Goods and Services and Sustainable Consumption|180
4|11.3.1 The WTO and the Doha Round|183
4|11.3.2 The Environment Goods Agreement (EGA)|184
4|11.3.3 The Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA)|185
4|11.3.4 The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)|186
4|11.3.5 The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)|187
4|11.3.6 The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)|187
4|11.3.7 The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)|188
3|11.4 Conclusion|189
3|References|190
1|Part III: Packaging and (Eco-)Labelling: Beyond the Information Paradigm|192
2|Chapter 12: Regulating Green Marketing Claims in the United States|193
3|12.1 Introduction|194
3|12.2 Response to Greenwashing at the National Level: FTC Green Guides|195
3|12.3 Enforcement of the FTC Guides|199
3|12.4 ISO Private Sector Standards|202
3|12.5 Green Certification Marks Have Not Been Effective|205
3|12.6 Regulating Green Claims at the State Level|207
3|12.7 Conclusion|209
3|References|210
2|Chapter 13: Collective Valuation of the Common Good Through Consumption: What Is (Un)Lawful in Mandatory Country-of-Origin Lab...|211
3|13.1 Introduction|212
3|13.2 Concerns Justifying Disclosure of COO to Consumers|217
4|13.2.1 The Case for COO|219
3|13.3 Why Would Mandatory COO Information Be Allowed or Prohibited in WTO and EU Law?|221
4|13.3.1 EU Law Approach to COO|221
4|13.3.2 The WTO Approach to Mandatory COO|225
3|13.4 Conclusions|228
3|References|229
2|Chapter 14: The Importance of Labelling Food Items: Information, Food Security and Sustainable Consumption|232
3|14.1 Introduction|233
3|14.2 The Links Between Sustainable Consumption and Food Security|233
3|14.3 Food Labelling As the Basis for Rational, Conscious Decision-Making|237
3|14.4 The Obligation to Inform As a Pillar of Food Security and Sustainable Consumption|240
3|14.5 Conclusion|247
3|References|248
2|Chapter 15: Tobacco Packaging As a Contribution for Promotion of a Healthy Environment in Brazil|251
3|15.1 Introduction|252
3|15.2 The Borders of Freedom of Expression|253
3|15.3 Plain Packaging and the World Health Organization|261
3|15.4 Plain Packaging and the World Trade Organization|265
3|15.5 Plain Packaging in the World|266
3|15.6 Conclusion|266
3|References|267
1|Part IV: Sector-Specific Approaches I: Transnational and International Law|268
2|Chapter 16: The International Regulation of Living Modified Organisms|269
3|16.1 Introduction|270
3|16.2 The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures|272
3|16.3 The Biosafety Protocol|278
3|16.4 Conclusion|283
3|References|283
2|Chapter 17: The Effects of International Agreements on Water Security: A Critical Study of the EU and MERCOSUR Approaches|285
3|17.1 Introduction|286
3|17.2 Towards a Consensus Vision of `Water Security´: Discourse, International Cooperation, and the Regulation of Industrial Ac...|287
3|17.3 Multilateral Regulatory Instruments Related to Water|290
3|17.4 Regional Regulatory Aspects and Public Policies: The Cases of MERCOSUR and the European Union|293
4|17.4.1 MERCOSUR|293
4|17.4.2 The European Union|296
4|17.4.3 Beyond Norms and Policies: A Critical Discussion|299
3|17.5 Conclusions|302
3|References|303
2|Chapter 18: Sustainable Water Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and the Human Right to Water|306
3|18.1 Introduction|307
3|18.2 The Global Water Crisis|307
3|18.3 `Big Water´: Private Investment in Water Services|310
4|18.3.1 France|312
4|18.3.2 The United Kingdom|313
4|18.3.3 Argentina|314
4|18.3.4 Bolivia|315
4|18.3.5 Chile|316
4|18.3.6 Uruguay|316
4|18.3.7 Brazil|317
3|18.4 Conclusion: Sustainable Water Consumption as a Claim for a Human Right to Access Water|318
3|18.5 Conclusion|325
3|References|326
2|Chapter 19: Building Upon Sustainable Consumption and Production for Food and Apparel|329
3|19.1 Introduction|330
3|19.2 Sustainable Consumption and Production: What Is at Stake with SDG 12?|330
3|19.3 Approaches to Sustainable Consumption and Production in the Food Sector|334
3|19.4 Approaches Towards SCP in the Apparel Sector|338
3|19.5 Partnerships to Promote SDG12|342
3|19.6 Reflections|345
3|References|346
2|Chapter 20: Supermarkets and Private Standards of Sustainability: The Responsibility to Protect Without Protectionism|349
3|20.1 Introduction|350
3|20.2 The Internationalisation of the Retail Sector and Private Standards of Sustainability|351
3|20.3 Justification for the Case Selection of International Retailers|353
3|20.4 The Plurality of Private Labels and Standards in Retail|355
4|20.4.1 Walmart´s Sustainability Policy and Private Standards|357
4|20.4.2 Tesco Sustainability Policy and Private Standards|359
4|20.4.3 Casino Sustainability Policy and Private Standards|362
3|20.5 The Search for Coherence Between Supermarkets´ Sustainability Standards and Attainment of Common Values|364
3|20.6 Conclusion|367
3|References|368
1|Part V: Sector-Specific Approaches II: National Law|370
2|Chapter 21: Reasonable Credit in Canada: An Attempt to Avoid Over-Indebtedness|371
3|21.1 Introduction|372
3|21.2 Rationale for the Supervision of Real Estate Credit|373
4|21.2.1 Personal Over-Indebtedness|373
4|21.2.2 The Financial Crisis of 2008-2009|374
3|21.3 Supervision of Real Estate Credit|376
4|21.3.1 Legislative Measures|376
4|21.3.2 Interventions by Control and Supervision Authorities|381
3|21.4 Conclusion|388
3|References|388
2|Chapter 22: Homes or iPhones? Diversion of Social Security Funds to Relieve Consumption-Fuelled Household Debt in Brazil|391
3|22.1 Introduction|392
3|22.2 Revolving Credit and Mass Income Transfer: Profits from Defaults|394
3|22.3 The Rise and Fall of the Economy, Dreams of Growth, and Revolving Credit|397
3|22.4 The Resources from the FGTS for the Extension of a Model of Income Transfer|399
3|22.5 Conclusions|401
3|References|402
2|Chapter 23: Auction Design to Procure Energy Efficiency Measures as Distributed Energy Resources|404
3|23.1 Introduction|405
3|23.2 Unlocking Energy Efficiency: Issues and Tools|407
4|23.2.1 Issues|408
4|23.2.2 Tools|409
3|23.3 International Experience with Tenders and Auctions for Energy Efficiency|414
4|23.3.1 Brazil|414
4|23.3.2 Portugal|415
4|23.3.3 Switzerland|416
4|23.3.4 Germany|417
4|23.3.5 The United States (Ohio)|417
4|23.3.6 United States (PJM)|418
3|23.4 The Brazilian Energy Efficiency Program and the Pilot Auction Proposal in Roraima|421
3|23.5 Auction Design Proposal for the Roraima Pilot|425
3|23.6 Conclusions and Policy Implications|432
3|References|436
2|Chapter 24: Consumer Law, Sustainable Energy Consumption and Mini- and Microgrid Decentralized Generation in Brazil|438
3|24.1 Introduction|439
3|24.2 Global Initiatives Signifying the Relevance of Energy to Sustainable Development|440
3|24.3 A Specific Analysis of Sustainable Energy Consumption|443
3|24.4 Fostering Sustainable Energy Consumption in Brazil|445
4|24.4.1 The Proposal to Include Sustainability in the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code (BCPC)|445
4|24.4.2 Decentralized Generation As a Means of Promoting Sustainable Energy Consumption|448
3|24.5 Conclusion|453
3|References|455
2|Chapter 25: Planned Obsolescence Resulting from Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Waste Rights and Brazil´s National Solid ...|458
3|25.1 Introduction|459
3|25.2 Planned Obsolescence: From Equipment to Electronic Residues|460
4|25.2.1 Defining the Concept of Planned Obsolescence|461
4|25.2.2 Defining Electrical and Electronic Waste|463
3|25.3 Brazil´s National Solid Waste Policy|465
4|25.3.1 The National Solid Waste Policy and the Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Equipment|468
3|25.4 Conclusion|470
3|References|471
2|Chapter 26: Potential Legal Avenues for Managing the Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology|473
3|26.1 Introduction|474
3|26.2 Nanotechnologies: Some Preliminary Considerations|476
3|26.3 What Is the Content of the Scientific Publication: Nanotechnology or Nanotoxicology?|479
3|26.4 Regulatory Challenges: Are We on the Right Track?|481
3|26.5 Structuring the Framework as a Regulatory Alternative|483
3|26.6 Conclusion|485
3|References|487
2|Chapter 27: Looking Back to Look Forward: A Future Research Agenda for Sustainable Consumption, Law and Development|489
3|References|493
1|Foreword|6
2|References|7
1|Contents|8
1|Abbreviations and Acronyms|11
1|List of Figures|15
1|List of Tables|16
1|Chapter 1: An Introduction to Sustainable Consumption and the Law|17
2|1.1 Contribution to the Field|18
2|1.2 Conceptual and Normative Frameworks|20
2|1.3 Structure of the Book|21
2|References|24
1|Part I: Consumer Law and Sustainable Consumption|26
2|Chapter 2: International and Transnational Consumer Law on Sustainable Consumption|27
3|2.1 Introduction|28
3|2.2 Sustainable Consumption|28
3|2.3 The UN Guidelines: The First Global Document on Consumer Protection|29
3|2.4 Other Transnational Regulation Attempts: The OECD Guidelines|34
3|2.5 Regional Consumer Law: The European Union Legal Framework|34
3|2.6 Regional Consumer Law: Las Conferencias Especializadas Interamericanas Sobre Derecho Internacional Privado (CIDIP)|35
3|2.7 Initiatives by NGOs: Consumers International|37
3|2.8 Conclusion|37
3|References|38
2|Chapter 3: Sustainable Consumption and Obsolescence of Consumer Products|40
3|3.1 Introduction|41
3|3.2 Prohibiting Planned Obsolescence|42
4|3.2.1 A Typology of Obsolescence|42
4|3.2.2 Definition of Planned Obsolescence|43
4|3.2.3 Current Legal Standards|44
3|3.3 General Obligation of Product Sustainability|45
4|3.3.1 Quebec|45
4|3.3.2 New Brunswick|46
4|3.3.3 Saskatchewan|47
4|3.3.4 Countries of the European Union|48
3|3.4 Setting Fixed Time Limits for Sustainability|49
4|3.4.1 The Netherlands|50
4|3.4.2 France|50
4|3.4.3 The European Union|53
3|3.5 The Obligation to Repair and After-Sales Services|53
4|3.5.1 Quebec|54
4|3.5.2 Saskatchewan|55
4|3.5.3 Europe|55
3|3.6 Standardization and Certification|56
3|3.7 Conclusions and Way Forward|57
3|References|59
2|Chapter 4: The Shift from Consumer Protection to Consumer Empowerment and the Consequences for Sustainable Consumption|61
3|4.1 Introduction|62
3|4.2 Consumer Law and Market Liberal Theory|63
3|4.3 The Development of the Consumer Society|64
3|4.4 Current Modes of Consumption|64
3|4.5 The Limits of Development|66
3|4.6 Collaborative Consumption|67
3|4.7 The Evolution of Consumer Protection Rules|68
3|4.8 Conclusions|70
3|References|72
2|Chapter 5: Sustainable Consumption and Brazilian Consumer Behaviour|74
3|5.1 Introduction|75
3|5.2 Consumer Society and the Consumer Decision-Making Process|77
3|5.3 From Green Consumption to Sustainable Consumption|81
3|5.4 A Regulatory Model for Environmental Protection|83
3|5.5 Final Considerations|84
3|References|85
1|Part II: Traditional Legal Disciplines and Sustainable Consumption|87
2|Chapter 6: The Role of Sustainable Consumption and Disaster Law in Climate Risk Management|88
3|6.1 Introduction|89
3|6.2 The Foundations of Disaster Law in Brazil|90
4|6.2.1 Interdisciplinarity and Autonomy|92
3|6.3 Unsustainable Consumption and Climate: The Human Dimensions of Change|95
4|6.3.1 Sustainable Consumption As a Pillar of Effective Disaster Risk Management|97
4|6.3.2 The Normative Semantics of Sustainable Development in Brazil|98
4|6.3.3 Energy Efficiency and Consumption: Brazilian Perspectives in a Climate Adaptation Scenario|100
4|6.3.4 The Role of Sustainable Behaviour in the Process of Climate Risk Management|102
3|6.4 The Regulatory Contribution to the Process of Inducing Sustainable Behaviour|106
3|6.5 Final Considerations|108
3|References|109
2|Chapter 7: Sustainable Public Procurement in Brazil|113
3|7.1 Introduction|114
3|7.2 Sustainable Public Procurement|114
3|7.3 The Challenges of Public Governance in Support of Sustainable Public Procurement|116
4|7.3.1 The `Environmental Agenda in Public Administration´ (AP3)|117
4|7.3.2 Sustainable Shared Purchases|118
4|7.3.3 The Work of the Office of the Attorney General to Support Sustainable Public Procurement|120
4|7.3.4 Governance Through Sustainability and Network Articulation|121
3|7.4 Sustainable Public Procurement in Brazil: Ethical Emphasis on the Future|122
3|References|125
2|Chapter 8: The Preventive Function and Sustainable Consumption: A Creative Challenge for Attorneys|127
3|8.1 Introduction|128
3|8.2 The Principle of Prevention Before and After the New Argentinian Civil and Commercial Code|129
3|8.3 The Features of the Breach of Prevention Duties|133
4|8.3.1 Party Legitimation: The Plaintiff and the Defendant|133
3|8.4 Effects of the Judgement|135
4|8.4.1 Prevention and Horticultural Production: Rules Applicable to Environmentally Sustainable Production|135
4|8.4.2 Potential Damage|135
4|8.4.3 Prevention|137
4|8.4.4 Avoidance|137
4|8.4.5 Risk|138
4|8.4.6 Causality|138
3|8.5 Prevention Duties and Sustainable Consumption: Prevention and Horticultural Production-Rules Applicable to Environmentally...|139
3|8.6 Conclusion: Impact on the Practice and Teaching of Law|142
3|References|143
2|Chapter 9: Taking Care of Business: Engaging Dialogue on Solutions to Unsustainable Commercial Practices|144
3|9.1 Introduction|145
3|9.2 Relationships Between Consumption and the Environment|145
3|9.3 The Principle of Sustainability|146
3|9.4 The Problem of Commercial Practices in Consumer Relations|148
3|9.5 Unsustainable Commercial Practices as Unfair Practices|154
3|9.6 Conclusions|157
3|References|158
2|Chapter 10: Consumer Law and Sustainability: The Work of the United Nations|160
3|10.1 Introduction|161
3|10.2 Historical Background|161
3|10.3 Consumer Rights and Sustainability|163
3|10.4 Education, Sustainable Cities and Communities, Responsible Consumption and Production, and Measures to Combat Climate Cha...|165
3|10.5 The Answers: What to Expect in the Future?|167
3|10.6 Conclusion|170
3|References|172
3|Further Reading|172
2|Chapter 11: International Trade in Environmental Goods and Services and Sustainable Production and Consumption|173
3|11.1 Introduction|174
3|11.2 The Multiple Conceptualizations of Environmental Goods and Services|175
4|11.2.1 The Close Interrelation of Environmental Goods and Environmental Services|176
4|11.2.2 Environmental Goods and Services, Environmentally Preferable Products and Sustainable Consumption|177
3|11.3 International Trade Agreements, Environmental Goods and Services and Sustainable Consumption|180
4|11.3.1 The WTO and the Doha Round|183
4|11.3.2 The Environment Goods Agreement (EGA)|184
4|11.3.3 The Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA)|185
4|11.3.4 The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)|186
4|11.3.5 The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)|187
4|11.3.6 The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)|187
4|11.3.7 The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)|188
3|11.4 Conclusion|189
3|References|190
1|Part III: Packaging and (Eco-)Labelling: Beyond the Information Paradigm|192
2|Chapter 12: Regulating Green Marketing Claims in the United States|193
3|12.1 Introduction|194
3|12.2 Response to Greenwashing at the National Level: FTC Green Guides|195
3|12.3 Enforcement of the FTC Guides|199
3|12.4 ISO Private Sector Standards|202
3|12.5 Green Certification Marks Have Not Been Effective|205
3|12.6 Regulating Green Claims at the State Level|207
3|12.7 Conclusion|209
3|References|210
2|Chapter 13: Collective Valuation of the Common Good Through Consumption: What Is (Un)Lawful in Mandatory Country-of-Origin Lab...|211
3|13.1 Introduction|212
3|13.2 Concerns Justifying Disclosure of COO to Consumers|217
4|13.2.1 The Case for COO|219
3|13.3 Why Would Mandatory COO Information Be Allowed or Prohibited in WTO and EU Law?|221
4|13.3.1 EU Law Approach to COO|221
4|13.3.2 The WTO Approach to Mandatory COO|225
3|13.4 Conclusions|228
3|References|229
2|Chapter 14: The Importance of Labelling Food Items: Information, Food Security and Sustainable Consumption|232
3|14.1 Introduction|233
3|14.2 The Links Between Sustainable Consumption and Food Security|233
3|14.3 Food Labelling As the Basis for Rational, Conscious Decision-Making|237
3|14.4 The Obligation to Inform As a Pillar of Food Security and Sustainable Consumption|240
3|14.5 Conclusion|247
3|References|248
2|Chapter 15: Tobacco Packaging As a Contribution for Promotion of a Healthy Environment in Brazil|251
3|15.1 Introduction|252
3|15.2 The Borders of Freedom of Expression|253
3|15.3 Plain Packaging and the World Health Organization|261
3|15.4 Plain Packaging and the World Trade Organization|265
3|15.5 Plain Packaging in the World|266
3|15.6 Conclusion|266
3|References|267
1|Part IV: Sector-Specific Approaches I: Transnational and International Law|268
2|Chapter 16: The International Regulation of Living Modified Organisms|269
3|16.1 Introduction|270
3|16.2 The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures|272
3|16.3 The Biosafety Protocol|278
3|16.4 Conclusion|283
3|References|283
2|Chapter 17: The Effects of International Agreements on Water Security: A Critical Study of the EU and MERCOSUR Approaches|285
3|17.1 Introduction|286
3|17.2 Towards a Consensus Vision of `Water Security´: Discourse, International Cooperation, and the Regulation of Industrial Ac...|287
3|17.3 Multilateral Regulatory Instruments Related to Water|290
3|17.4 Regional Regulatory Aspects and Public Policies: The Cases of MERCOSUR and the European Union|293
4|17.4.1 MERCOSUR|293
4|17.4.2 The European Union|296
4|17.4.3 Beyond Norms and Policies: A Critical Discussion|299
3|17.5 Conclusions|302
3|References|303
2|Chapter 18: Sustainable Water Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and the Human Right to Water|306
3|18.1 Introduction|307
3|18.2 The Global Water Crisis|307
3|18.3 `Big Water´: Private Investment in Water Services|310
4|18.3.1 France|312
4|18.3.2 The United Kingdom|313
4|18.3.3 Argentina|314
4|18.3.4 Bolivia|315
4|18.3.5 Chile|316
4|18.3.6 Uruguay|316
4|18.3.7 Brazil|317
3|18.4 Conclusion: Sustainable Water Consumption as a Claim for a Human Right to Access Water|318
3|18.5 Conclusion|325
3|References|326
2|Chapter 19: Building Upon Sustainable Consumption and Production for Food and Apparel|329
3|19.1 Introduction|330
3|19.2 Sustainable Consumption and Production: What Is at Stake with SDG 12?|330
3|19.3 Approaches to Sustainable Consumption and Production in the Food Sector|334
3|19.4 Approaches Towards SCP in the Apparel Sector|338
3|19.5 Partnerships to Promote SDG12|342
3|19.6 Reflections|345
3|References|346
2|Chapter 20: Supermarkets and Private Standards of Sustainability: The Responsibility to Protect Without Protectionism|349
3|20.1 Introduction|350
3|20.2 The Internationalisation of the Retail Sector and Private Standards of Sustainability|351
3|20.3 Justification for the Case Selection of International Retailers|353
3|20.4 The Plurality of Private Labels and Standards in Retail|355
4|20.4.1 Walmart´s Sustainability Policy and Private Standards|357
4|20.4.2 Tesco Sustainability Policy and Private Standards|359
4|20.4.3 Casino Sustainability Policy and Private Standards|362
3|20.5 The Search for Coherence Between Supermarkets´ Sustainability Standards and Attainment of Common Values|364
3|20.6 Conclusion|367
3|References|368
1|Part V: Sector-Specific Approaches II: National Law|370
2|Chapter 21: Reasonable Credit in Canada: An Attempt to Avoid Over-Indebtedness|371
3|21.1 Introduction|372
3|21.2 Rationale for the Supervision of Real Estate Credit|373
4|21.2.1 Personal Over-Indebtedness|373
4|21.2.2 The Financial Crisis of 2008-2009|374
3|21.3 Supervision of Real Estate Credit|376
4|21.3.1 Legislative Measures|376
4|21.3.2 Interventions by Control and Supervision Authorities|381
3|21.4 Conclusion|388
3|References|388
2|Chapter 22: Homes or iPhones? Diversion of Social Security Funds to Relieve Consumption-Fuelled Household Debt in Brazil|391
3|22.1 Introduction|392
3|22.2 Revolving Credit and Mass Income Transfer: Profits from Defaults|394
3|22.3 The Rise and Fall of the Economy, Dreams of Growth, and Revolving Credit|397
3|22.4 The Resources from the FGTS for the Extension of a Model of Income Transfer|399
3|22.5 Conclusions|401
3|References|402
2|Chapter 23: Auction Design to Procure Energy Efficiency Measures as Distributed Energy Resources|404
3|23.1 Introduction|405
3|23.2 Unlocking Energy Efficiency: Issues and Tools|407
4|23.2.1 Issues|408
4|23.2.2 Tools|409
3|23.3 International Experience with Tenders and Auctions for Energy Efficiency|414
4|23.3.1 Brazil|414
4|23.3.2 Portugal|415
4|23.3.3 Switzerland|416
4|23.3.4 Germany|417
4|23.3.5 The United States (Ohio)|417
4|23.3.6 United States (PJM)|418
3|23.4 The Brazilian Energy Efficiency Program and the Pilot Auction Proposal in Roraima|421
3|23.5 Auction Design Proposal for the Roraima Pilot|425
3|23.6 Conclusions and Policy Implications|432
3|References|436
2|Chapter 24: Consumer Law, Sustainable Energy Consumption and Mini- and Microgrid Decentralized Generation in Brazil|438
3|24.1 Introduction|439
3|24.2 Global Initiatives Signifying the Relevance of Energy to Sustainable Development|440
3|24.3 A Specific Analysis of Sustainable Energy Consumption|443
3|24.4 Fostering Sustainable Energy Consumption in Brazil|445
4|24.4.1 The Proposal to Include Sustainability in the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code (BCPC)|445
4|24.4.2 Decentralized Generation As a Means of Promoting Sustainable Energy Consumption|448
3|24.5 Conclusion|453
3|References|455
2|Chapter 25: Planned Obsolescence Resulting from Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Waste Rights and Brazil´s National Solid ...|458
3|25.1 Introduction|459
3|25.2 Planned Obsolescence: From Equipment to Electronic Residues|460
4|25.2.1 Defining the Concept of Planned Obsolescence|461
4|25.2.2 Defining Electrical and Electronic Waste|463
3|25.3 Brazil´s National Solid Waste Policy|465
4|25.3.1 The National Solid Waste Policy and the Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Equipment|468
3|25.4 Conclusion|470
3|References|471
2|Chapter 26: Potential Legal Avenues for Managing the Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology|473
3|26.1 Introduction|474
3|26.2 Nanotechnologies: Some Preliminary Considerations|476
3|26.3 What Is the Content of the Scientific Publication: Nanotechnology or Nanotoxicology?|479
3|26.4 Regulatory Challenges: Are We on the Right Track?|481
3|26.5 Structuring the Framework as a Regulatory Alternative|483
3|26.6 Conclusion|485
3|References|487
2|Chapter 27: Looking Back to Look Forward: A Future Research Agenda for Sustainable Consumption, Law and Development|489
3|References|493