File #2558: "2019_Book_TheAuthorityOfEULaw.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword by Pavel Telička|5
1|Preface|7
1|Contents|11
1|Contributors|18
1|Part I: The authority of European law|21
2|The authority of European law: Do we still believe in it?|22
3|1 The concept of “authority”|22
3|2 Reasons for the current stress on the authority of EU law|24
3|3 Material welfare and the authority of EU law|24
3|4 Values and the authority of EU law|26
3|5 Two ostensibly conflicting sets of values|27
3|6 Democracy, human rights and the rule of law: An inextricable triad|28
3|7 Active citizenship, clientelism and the sense of rights and duties|29
3|8 Diversity as European strength|31
3|9 No demos, no democratic accountability, no democratic representation: the democratic deficit|32
3|10 The role of the court|36
4|10.1 The selection of judges|36
4|10.2 The style of decisions|38
4|10.3 The composition of the court|38
4|10.4 The docket|39
3|Reference|39
2|The Court of Justice of the European Union as the guardian of the authority of EU law: A networking exercise|40
3|1 Introduction|40
3|2 The dialogue between the Court of Justice and the national courts of the Member States|40
3|3 The dialogue between the national courts of the Member States|44
3|4 Conclusion|49
3|References|49
1|Part II: The impact of legislation on the authority of EU law|50
2|A view from the European Commission|51
3|1 Lobbyists, delegated and implementing acts, and subsidiarity|51
3|2 Quality of legislation|54
2|Can the authority of EU law be taken for granted? A tale of principles and realities|56
3|1 Introduction|56
3|2 Can the law-making affect the authority of EU law?|58
4|2.1 Democratic legitimacy|58
4|2.2 Transparency|59
4|2.3 Subsidiarity|60
4|2.4 Comitology, lobbying and the quality of legislation|60
3|3 What is most likely to affect the authority of EU law?|62
4|3.1 Searching for the authority of EU law|63
4|3.2 Need of support for the European project|64
4|3.3 Need of compliance with the European project|65
3|4 Conclusion|66
3|Reference|66
2|A view from Parliament|67
3|1 Introductory remarks|67
3|2 The politician as legislator|68
3|3 Democracy and transparency|69
3|4 The parliamentary legislative process|70
3|5 Contrasting example of the European Parliament legislative process|71
4|5.1 European contract law|71
4|5.2 The regulation on the trade in seal products|72
3|6 End thoughts|73
3|References|74
1|Part III: The authority of EU law: A view from Constitutional and Supreme Courts|75
2|L’autorité du droit de l’Union européenne – Le point de vue d’un juge français|76
3|1 Les juges français ont élaboré des mécanismes d’articulation qui limitent les risques de conflit entre le droit européen et le droit national|77
4|1.1 En prenant appui sur la notion d’identité constitutionnelle, les juges français parviennent à concilier la primauté du droit de l’Union et le respect des normes constitutionnelles|77
4|1.2 Des techniques jurisprudentielles pragmatiques sont venues renforcer ce dispositif de conciliation|79
3|2 Cette œuvre prétorienne ne suffit toutefois pas à aplanir toutes les difficultés|81
4|2.1 La Cour de justice continue de rendre des décisions qui divergent parfois de l’appréciation des autorités nationales.|81
4|2.2 Des divergences d’appréciation entre les juridictions nationales suprêmes et la Cour de justice de l’Union seraient susceptibles de porter atteinte à la légitimité et l’autorité du droit de l’Union|82
3|References|86
2|A view from the Danish Supreme Court in light of the Ajos Judgment|87
3|1 Brief introduction to the Ajos judgment and background of the case|87
3|2 Interpreting Danish law in conformity with EU law|90
3|3 The binding effect of a principle of EU law|93
3|4 Perspectives|98
2|EuGH-EGMR-BVerfG: Von der Multipolarität zum Verbund der Gerichtsbarkeiten im Bereich des Grundrechtsschutzes|100
3|1 Vorbemerkung|100
3|2 Der Gerichtsverbund im Bereich des Grundrechtsschutzes – Marksteine der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts|101
4|2.1 Die Herausforderung: Gewährleistung eines gemeineuropäischen Grundrechtsschutzes|101
4|2.2 Bundesverfassungsgericht und EuGH - von der Bipolarität zum Gerichtsverbund|102
5|2.2.1 Vorrang des Unionsrechts und Europarechtsfreundlichkeit des Grundgesetzes|102
5|2.2.2 Sicherung eines adäquaten Grundrechtsschutzes im Rechtsprechungsverbund – zur Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts|102
6|Der Solange-Vorbehalt - die vertikale Dimension|102
6|Die menschenwürdesichernde Identitätskontrolle – die (neue) horizontale Dimension|106
5|2.2.3 Materielle und formelle Verschränkungen|109
4|2.3 Der dritte Spieler auf dem Feld des Grundrechtsschutzes: der EGMR|112
5|2.3.1 Zur „Architektonik des europäischen Grundrechtsraumes“|112
5|2.3.2 Setzung von Mindeststandards in einem System pluralen Grundrechtsschutzes|113
5|2.3.3 Verknüpfung der Grundrechte des Grundgesetzes mit der EMRK|114
5|2.3.4 Das Verhältnis des EuGH zum EGMR – die „Bosphorus“- Vermutung und ihre Grenzen|116
3|3 Herausforderungen und Zielsetzungen des Gerichtsverbunds im Bereich des Grundrechtsschutzes|119
3|4 Schlussbemerkung|123
3|Literaturverzeichnis|124
2|The authority of EU law as viewed from a National Court: The United Kingdom|126
3|1 Introduction|126
3|2 The role of courts|126
3|3 The perceived position of the CJEU in relation to UK political and public opinion|129
3|4 The case law in relation to age discrimination|130
3|5 The need to reconsider the approach of courts|131
3|6 The development of a separate UK EU jurisprudence|134
2|The authority of EU law: The case of horizontal application of fundamental rights|135
3|1 Introductory remarks|135
3|2 Interpretation of fundamental rights and general principles of law as a challenge to the authority of EU law|137
3|3 Autonomy of EU law|137
3|4 General principles in horizontal situations|138
3|5 What does “horizontal application” mean?|138
3|6 The effect of Art. 51 of the Charter|139
3|7 Do the general principles of EU law matter after the Charter became a binding instrument?|140
3|8 May the general principles of EU law apply in horizontal situations?|140
3|9 Consistent interpretation of national law: limits resulting from non contra legem|143
3|10 Legal certainty for individuals|143
3|11 Conclusions|145
3|References|145
1|Part IV: Remaining and new obstacles to the single market rules: Does the economic crisis justify a weakening of the authority of EU law?|147
2|The authority of the law: Some personal reflections on the internal market and European integration|148
3|1 Introduction|148
3|2 When did it go wrong?|150
3|3 Some uncertainties|154
3|4 Dealing with uncertainty|156
3|References|159
2|The authority of EU law: What does it require and why is it fading?|160
3|1 Introduction|160
3|2 Constitutive elements of the authority of the law|161
3|3 Realism as a precondition for respecting the authority of the law|162
3|4 The Monetary Union|164
3|5 Migration|165
3|6 A Europe of variable geographic composition and various speeds|165
3|7 Intergovernmental versus community solutions|166
3|8 Enforcement|168
3|9 Public support|170
3|10 The reaction of EU institutions|171
2|“Questions identitaires” as challenges to the single market|174
2|Protectionism in Central and Eastern Europe and the EU Internal Market: the case of retail|179
3|1 Introduction|179
3|2 The rise of protectionism and populism|180
3|3 Protectionism against Western retailers in Central and Eastern Europe|183
3|4 Economic impact of protectionism|186
3|5 Filing cases for infringements against EU law|188
4|5.1 National procedures|189
4|5.2 Lodging complaints for infringements against EU law|190
4|5.3 Respect for the rule of law|192
3|6 Prevention is better than cure|193
4|6.1 Single Market Transparency Directive (EU) 2015/1535|194
4|6.2 More effective notification procedure for services|195
4|6.3 Extend the power of suspensive injunction to Internal Market law|196
4|6.4 Link EU funding with upholding the rule of law|197
4|6.5 Make infringement procedures more automatic and transparent|197
3|7 Conclusion: The Single Market more important than before?|198
3|References|199
1|Part V: The Economic and Monetary Union as an illustration of “the incomplete union”: The authority of EU law stuck half-way between supranational and national sovereignty|202
2|Die Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion als Herausforderung der Autorität des Unionsrechts|203
3|1 Zur Bedeutung der Frage nach der Autorität des Unionsrechts|203
4|1.1 Die Europäische Union als Rechtsgemeinschaft|204
4|1.2 Integrationsentwicklung durch Recht|205
4|1.3 Die Autorität des Rechts in den Mitgliedstaaten|207
3|2 Die Befolgung des Rechts der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion als Herausforderung für die Autorität des Unionsrechts|209
4|2.1 Die Wahrnehmung in der Öffentlichkeit|209
4|2.2 Die Ursachenidentifizierung|211
5|2.2.1 Autoritätsgefährdung durch den Normrahmen selbst?|211
5|2.2.2 Autoritätsgefährdung durch Normhandhabung|217
3|3 Antworten auf die Herausforderungen|220
4|3.1 Rechtspolitische Antworten|220
5|3.1.1 Modellgeleitete Gestaltung des Unionsrechts der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion|220
5|3.1.2 Der problemreaktive Evolutivprozess der gegenstandsgerechten Rechtsfassung|223
4|3.2 Die verlässliche Einhaltung geltenden Unionsrechts|224
3|Literaturverzeichnis|224
2|The need to complete the EMU: cui bono?|228
3|1 Introduction|228
3|2 Establishing an EU Finance Minister|229
3|3 Turning the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) into a European Monetary Fund (EMF)|230
3|4 Expansion of the Euro area|231
3|5 Further convergence of tax policies|233
3|6 Risk-sharing and risk-reduction|233
3|7 Conclusions|235
2|Completing v. rethinking the European Monetary Union?|237
2|Completing v. rethinking the European Monetary Union?|241
3|1 Foundations of the Monetary Union|241
3|2 The evolution of the EMU|242
3|3 Future perspectives|243
3|Reference|244
1|Part VI: Current Threats to the rule of law in the EU: The fundaments on which the authority of EU law rests|245
2|Article 7 TEU and the rule of law mechanism: A dissuasive weapon or a paper tiger?|246
3|1 Introduction|246
3|2 Article 7: The mother of all mechanisms?|246
3|3 Expulsion from the EU?|251
3|4 What’s in the Rule of Law Framework?|255
4|4.1 The justifications|255
4|4.2 The process|258
3|5 Conclusion: A persuasive paper tiger?|262
3|References|265
2|Upholding the rule of law for the future of Europe|266
3|1 The rule of law cannot be taken for granted|266
3|2 The rule of law is essential for the application of EU law|269
3|3 The rule of law is crucial for economic growth|271
3|4 The rule of law is a key component of the debate on the future of Europe|273
3|Reference|275
2|Développements récents du cadre juridique de l’Union européenne pour faire face aux menaces pour les valeurs démocratiques dans les États membres|276
3|1 Remarques introductives|276
3|2 Evolutions du cadre juridique de l’Union pour faire face aux menaces pour les valeurs de l’Union européenne|278
4|2.1 Les initiatives de la Commission, du Conseil et du Parlement européen|278
4|2.2 Nouveaux instruments juridiques, nouvelles questions|283
5|2.2.1 Le nouveau cadre sur l’État de droit (Commission européenne)|284
5|2.2.2 Le mécanisme de l’Union pour la démocratie, l’État de droit et les droits fondamentaux (Parlement européen)|287
3|3 Remarques (critiques) conclusives et réflexions pour l’avenir|290
2|Les attaques terroristes et l’état d’urgence en France|296
3|1 L’état d’urgence: un régime donnant temporairement certains pouvoirs renforcés de police administrative aux préfets et au ministre de l’intérieur, qu’ils utilisent, s’ils l’estiment nécessaire|297
4|1.1 Ce que n’est pas l’état d’urgence, et ce qu’il ne permet pas:|297
4|1.2 Ce qu’est l’état d’urgence: un régime temporaire de pouvoirs de police administratif renforcés, organisé par la loi du 3 avril 1955|298
3|2 Mise en œuvre de l’état d’urgence|299
4|2.1 Mesures adoptées|299
4|2.2 Le contrôle du juge administratif|300
4|2.3 Modification de la loi de 1955|301
4|2.4 Le défenseur des droits|302
3|3 Appréciation sur l’état d’urgence|302
4|3.1 Le texte de la loi du 3 avril 1955 a profondément évolué à partir du 20 novembre 2015|302
4|3.2 L’application de l’état d’urgence|303
3|4 Conclusion|305
2|Current threats to the rule of law in the EU: The foundation on which the authority of EU law rests|306
3|1 Introductory remarks|306
3|2 The rule of law and judicial independence as a key pillar of it|307
3|3 Constitutional guarantees: And the importance of a solidly rooted constitutional culture|308
3|4 Access to an independent judiciary as an element of EU law|309
3|5 The concept of judicial independence|310
3|6 The EU context|311
3|References|313
1|Part VII: The crisis of the European project undermining the authority of EU law: The EU in search for legitimacy|314
2|The EU, democracy and institutional structure: Past, present and future|315
3|1 Introduction|315
3|2 Institutional structure and democracy: The past|317
3|3 Institutional structure and democracy: The present|318
3|4 Institutional structure and democracy: The future—four constraints|320
4|4.1 Political constraints|321
5|4.1.1 Member States|321
5|4.1.2 The EU|323
4|4.2 Democratic constraints|324
4|4.3 Constitutional constraints|327
5|4.3.1 Constitutionalisation: Vertical and horizontal dimensions|327
5|4.3.2 Competence: Vertical and horizontal dimensions|329
4|4.4 Substantive constraints|330
5|4.4.1 The economic and the social: Core treaty provisions|330
5|4.4.2 The economic, the social and the political: EMU and the financial crisis|332
3|5 Institutional structure and democracy: The paradox|334
3|References|335
2|Legitimität und Finalität des europäischen Projekts|338
3|1 Das Legitimitätsproblem der Union: Ursachen und Wirkung|339
4|1.1 Die politischen Errungenschaften: Friede, Demokratie, Menschenrechte, Rechtsstaatlichkeit|339
4|1.2 Die wirtschaftlichen Errungenschaften: Grundfreiheiten, Binnenmarkt, Wohlstand, soziale Gerechtigkeit|341
4|1.3 Integrationspolitik und öffentliche Wahrnehmung|343
3|2 Die künftige Entwicklung der EU: „ever closer Union“ oder „united in diversity“?|346
4|2.1 Vision und Wirklichkeit|346
4|2.2 Staatenverbund oder „Europäische Republik“?|347
4|2.3 Eine offene Debatte über die Entwicklung der Europäischen Union|348
3|References|349
2|Europa muss noch enger zusammenwachsen|350
2|Quo vadis Europe? The future of Europe under pressure|354
3|1 Introduction|354
3|2 Europe’s future in uncertain times|356
3|3 The rule of law in Europe is challenged|357
3|4 Scenarios for the future of Europe|357
3|5 The future of the EU at the crossroads|359
2|The European Union’s never-ending search for legitimacy|361
3|1 The EU’s search for legitimacy: introductory remarks|361
3|2 The “democratic deficit” in the EU: Reality and perception|362
3|3 Three core reasons for the “democratic deficit” in the EU|363
3|4 “Democratic deficit” in the EU: What can we do about it?|365
3|5 For a true and meaningful European dimension of the European elections|365
3|6 Strengthening the link between the vote of the citizens and the decisions of the European institutions|367
3|7 Ensuring enough room for political alternatives and democratic choices at national level within the economic governance of the Eurozone|369
3|8 Time for a “democratic offensive” in the European Union|370
3|References|371
2|L’UE: quelle légitimité ? Quel avenir ?|372
3|1 Quelle légitimité ?|372
4|1.1 Un problème de légitimité descendante: L’UE est un syndic de copropriété sans capacité d’intervention chez les copropriétaires|372
4|1.2 Un problème de légitimité ascendante: le révélateur européen de la crise nationale de la démocratie|373
3|2 Quel avenir ?|373
4|2.1 Le cadre institutionnel issu des années 50 est obsolète et doit être bouleversé|374
4|2.2 Remobiliser l’opinion publique nationale sur les enjeux générationnels|374
2|The role of government and trust in the market economy|375
3|1 Introduction|375
3|2 Core tasks of government: Some conceptual issues|376
3|3 The role of government and trust in the market economy: Some stylised facts|379
4|3.1 Rules of the game|380
4|3.2 Public goods|381
4|3.3 Social safety nets|386
4|3.4 Economic stability|389
3|4 The link between trust and government activities|391
3|5 Conclusions|393
3|References|395
1|Preface|7
1|Contents|11
1|Contributors|18
1|Part I: The authority of European law|21
2|The authority of European law: Do we still believe in it?|22
3|1 The concept of “authority”|22
3|2 Reasons for the current stress on the authority of EU law|24
3|3 Material welfare and the authority of EU law|24
3|4 Values and the authority of EU law|26
3|5 Two ostensibly conflicting sets of values|27
3|6 Democracy, human rights and the rule of law: An inextricable triad|28
3|7 Active citizenship, clientelism and the sense of rights and duties|29
3|8 Diversity as European strength|31
3|9 No demos, no democratic accountability, no democratic representation: the democratic deficit|32
3|10 The role of the court|36
4|10.1 The selection of judges|36
4|10.2 The style of decisions|38
4|10.3 The composition of the court|38
4|10.4 The docket|39
3|Reference|39
2|The Court of Justice of the European Union as the guardian of the authority of EU law: A networking exercise|40
3|1 Introduction|40
3|2 The dialogue between the Court of Justice and the national courts of the Member States|40
3|3 The dialogue between the national courts of the Member States|44
3|4 Conclusion|49
3|References|49
1|Part II: The impact of legislation on the authority of EU law|50
2|A view from the European Commission|51
3|1 Lobbyists, delegated and implementing acts, and subsidiarity|51
3|2 Quality of legislation|54
2|Can the authority of EU law be taken for granted? A tale of principles and realities|56
3|1 Introduction|56
3|2 Can the law-making affect the authority of EU law?|58
4|2.1 Democratic legitimacy|58
4|2.2 Transparency|59
4|2.3 Subsidiarity|60
4|2.4 Comitology, lobbying and the quality of legislation|60
3|3 What is most likely to affect the authority of EU law?|62
4|3.1 Searching for the authority of EU law|63
4|3.2 Need of support for the European project|64
4|3.3 Need of compliance with the European project|65
3|4 Conclusion|66
3|Reference|66
2|A view from Parliament|67
3|1 Introductory remarks|67
3|2 The politician as legislator|68
3|3 Democracy and transparency|69
3|4 The parliamentary legislative process|70
3|5 Contrasting example of the European Parliament legislative process|71
4|5.1 European contract law|71
4|5.2 The regulation on the trade in seal products|72
3|6 End thoughts|73
3|References|74
1|Part III: The authority of EU law: A view from Constitutional and Supreme Courts|75
2|L’autorité du droit de l’Union européenne – Le point de vue d’un juge français|76
3|1 Les juges français ont élaboré des mécanismes d’articulation qui limitent les risques de conflit entre le droit européen et le droit national|77
4|1.1 En prenant appui sur la notion d’identité constitutionnelle, les juges français parviennent à concilier la primauté du droit de l’Union et le respect des normes constitutionnelles|77
4|1.2 Des techniques jurisprudentielles pragmatiques sont venues renforcer ce dispositif de conciliation|79
3|2 Cette œuvre prétorienne ne suffit toutefois pas à aplanir toutes les difficultés|81
4|2.1 La Cour de justice continue de rendre des décisions qui divergent parfois de l’appréciation des autorités nationales.|81
4|2.2 Des divergences d’appréciation entre les juridictions nationales suprêmes et la Cour de justice de l’Union seraient susceptibles de porter atteinte à la légitimité et l’autorité du droit de l’Union|82
3|References|86
2|A view from the Danish Supreme Court in light of the Ajos Judgment|87
3|1 Brief introduction to the Ajos judgment and background of the case|87
3|2 Interpreting Danish law in conformity with EU law|90
3|3 The binding effect of a principle of EU law|93
3|4 Perspectives|98
2|EuGH-EGMR-BVerfG: Von der Multipolarität zum Verbund der Gerichtsbarkeiten im Bereich des Grundrechtsschutzes|100
3|1 Vorbemerkung|100
3|2 Der Gerichtsverbund im Bereich des Grundrechtsschutzes – Marksteine der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts|101
4|2.1 Die Herausforderung: Gewährleistung eines gemeineuropäischen Grundrechtsschutzes|101
4|2.2 Bundesverfassungsgericht und EuGH - von der Bipolarität zum Gerichtsverbund|102
5|2.2.1 Vorrang des Unionsrechts und Europarechtsfreundlichkeit des Grundgesetzes|102
5|2.2.2 Sicherung eines adäquaten Grundrechtsschutzes im Rechtsprechungsverbund – zur Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts|102
6|Der Solange-Vorbehalt - die vertikale Dimension|102
6|Die menschenwürdesichernde Identitätskontrolle – die (neue) horizontale Dimension|106
5|2.2.3 Materielle und formelle Verschränkungen|109
4|2.3 Der dritte Spieler auf dem Feld des Grundrechtsschutzes: der EGMR|112
5|2.3.1 Zur „Architektonik des europäischen Grundrechtsraumes“|112
5|2.3.2 Setzung von Mindeststandards in einem System pluralen Grundrechtsschutzes|113
5|2.3.3 Verknüpfung der Grundrechte des Grundgesetzes mit der EMRK|114
5|2.3.4 Das Verhältnis des EuGH zum EGMR – die „Bosphorus“- Vermutung und ihre Grenzen|116
3|3 Herausforderungen und Zielsetzungen des Gerichtsverbunds im Bereich des Grundrechtsschutzes|119
3|4 Schlussbemerkung|123
3|Literaturverzeichnis|124
2|The authority of EU law as viewed from a National Court: The United Kingdom|126
3|1 Introduction|126
3|2 The role of courts|126
3|3 The perceived position of the CJEU in relation to UK political and public opinion|129
3|4 The case law in relation to age discrimination|130
3|5 The need to reconsider the approach of courts|131
3|6 The development of a separate UK EU jurisprudence|134
2|The authority of EU law: The case of horizontal application of fundamental rights|135
3|1 Introductory remarks|135
3|2 Interpretation of fundamental rights and general principles of law as a challenge to the authority of EU law|137
3|3 Autonomy of EU law|137
3|4 General principles in horizontal situations|138
3|5 What does “horizontal application” mean?|138
3|6 The effect of Art. 51 of the Charter|139
3|7 Do the general principles of EU law matter after the Charter became a binding instrument?|140
3|8 May the general principles of EU law apply in horizontal situations?|140
3|9 Consistent interpretation of national law: limits resulting from non contra legem|143
3|10 Legal certainty for individuals|143
3|11 Conclusions|145
3|References|145
1|Part IV: Remaining and new obstacles to the single market rules: Does the economic crisis justify a weakening of the authority of EU law?|147
2|The authority of the law: Some personal reflections on the internal market and European integration|148
3|1 Introduction|148
3|2 When did it go wrong?|150
3|3 Some uncertainties|154
3|4 Dealing with uncertainty|156
3|References|159
2|The authority of EU law: What does it require and why is it fading?|160
3|1 Introduction|160
3|2 Constitutive elements of the authority of the law|161
3|3 Realism as a precondition for respecting the authority of the law|162
3|4 The Monetary Union|164
3|5 Migration|165
3|6 A Europe of variable geographic composition and various speeds|165
3|7 Intergovernmental versus community solutions|166
3|8 Enforcement|168
3|9 Public support|170
3|10 The reaction of EU institutions|171
2|“Questions identitaires” as challenges to the single market|174
2|Protectionism in Central and Eastern Europe and the EU Internal Market: the case of retail|179
3|1 Introduction|179
3|2 The rise of protectionism and populism|180
3|3 Protectionism against Western retailers in Central and Eastern Europe|183
3|4 Economic impact of protectionism|186
3|5 Filing cases for infringements against EU law|188
4|5.1 National procedures|189
4|5.2 Lodging complaints for infringements against EU law|190
4|5.3 Respect for the rule of law|192
3|6 Prevention is better than cure|193
4|6.1 Single Market Transparency Directive (EU) 2015/1535|194
4|6.2 More effective notification procedure for services|195
4|6.3 Extend the power of suspensive injunction to Internal Market law|196
4|6.4 Link EU funding with upholding the rule of law|197
4|6.5 Make infringement procedures more automatic and transparent|197
3|7 Conclusion: The Single Market more important than before?|198
3|References|199
1|Part V: The Economic and Monetary Union as an illustration of “the incomplete union”: The authority of EU law stuck half-way between supranational and national sovereignty|202
2|Die Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion als Herausforderung der Autorität des Unionsrechts|203
3|1 Zur Bedeutung der Frage nach der Autorität des Unionsrechts|203
4|1.1 Die Europäische Union als Rechtsgemeinschaft|204
4|1.2 Integrationsentwicklung durch Recht|205
4|1.3 Die Autorität des Rechts in den Mitgliedstaaten|207
3|2 Die Befolgung des Rechts der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion als Herausforderung für die Autorität des Unionsrechts|209
4|2.1 Die Wahrnehmung in der Öffentlichkeit|209
4|2.2 Die Ursachenidentifizierung|211
5|2.2.1 Autoritätsgefährdung durch den Normrahmen selbst?|211
5|2.2.2 Autoritätsgefährdung durch Normhandhabung|217
3|3 Antworten auf die Herausforderungen|220
4|3.1 Rechtspolitische Antworten|220
5|3.1.1 Modellgeleitete Gestaltung des Unionsrechts der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion|220
5|3.1.2 Der problemreaktive Evolutivprozess der gegenstandsgerechten Rechtsfassung|223
4|3.2 Die verlässliche Einhaltung geltenden Unionsrechts|224
3|Literaturverzeichnis|224
2|The need to complete the EMU: cui bono?|228
3|1 Introduction|228
3|2 Establishing an EU Finance Minister|229
3|3 Turning the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) into a European Monetary Fund (EMF)|230
3|4 Expansion of the Euro area|231
3|5 Further convergence of tax policies|233
3|6 Risk-sharing and risk-reduction|233
3|7 Conclusions|235
2|Completing v. rethinking the European Monetary Union?|237
2|Completing v. rethinking the European Monetary Union?|241
3|1 Foundations of the Monetary Union|241
3|2 The evolution of the EMU|242
3|3 Future perspectives|243
3|Reference|244
1|Part VI: Current Threats to the rule of law in the EU: The fundaments on which the authority of EU law rests|245
2|Article 7 TEU and the rule of law mechanism: A dissuasive weapon or a paper tiger?|246
3|1 Introduction|246
3|2 Article 7: The mother of all mechanisms?|246
3|3 Expulsion from the EU?|251
3|4 What’s in the Rule of Law Framework?|255
4|4.1 The justifications|255
4|4.2 The process|258
3|5 Conclusion: A persuasive paper tiger?|262
3|References|265
2|Upholding the rule of law for the future of Europe|266
3|1 The rule of law cannot be taken for granted|266
3|2 The rule of law is essential for the application of EU law|269
3|3 The rule of law is crucial for economic growth|271
3|4 The rule of law is a key component of the debate on the future of Europe|273
3|Reference|275
2|Développements récents du cadre juridique de l’Union européenne pour faire face aux menaces pour les valeurs démocratiques dans les États membres|276
3|1 Remarques introductives|276
3|2 Evolutions du cadre juridique de l’Union pour faire face aux menaces pour les valeurs de l’Union européenne|278
4|2.1 Les initiatives de la Commission, du Conseil et du Parlement européen|278
4|2.2 Nouveaux instruments juridiques, nouvelles questions|283
5|2.2.1 Le nouveau cadre sur l’État de droit (Commission européenne)|284
5|2.2.2 Le mécanisme de l’Union pour la démocratie, l’État de droit et les droits fondamentaux (Parlement européen)|287
3|3 Remarques (critiques) conclusives et réflexions pour l’avenir|290
2|Les attaques terroristes et l’état d’urgence en France|296
3|1 L’état d’urgence: un régime donnant temporairement certains pouvoirs renforcés de police administrative aux préfets et au ministre de l’intérieur, qu’ils utilisent, s’ils l’estiment nécessaire|297
4|1.1 Ce que n’est pas l’état d’urgence, et ce qu’il ne permet pas:|297
4|1.2 Ce qu’est l’état d’urgence: un régime temporaire de pouvoirs de police administratif renforcés, organisé par la loi du 3 avril 1955|298
3|2 Mise en œuvre de l’état d’urgence|299
4|2.1 Mesures adoptées|299
4|2.2 Le contrôle du juge administratif|300
4|2.3 Modification de la loi de 1955|301
4|2.4 Le défenseur des droits|302
3|3 Appréciation sur l’état d’urgence|302
4|3.1 Le texte de la loi du 3 avril 1955 a profondément évolué à partir du 20 novembre 2015|302
4|3.2 L’application de l’état d’urgence|303
3|4 Conclusion|305
2|Current threats to the rule of law in the EU: The foundation on which the authority of EU law rests|306
3|1 Introductory remarks|306
3|2 The rule of law and judicial independence as a key pillar of it|307
3|3 Constitutional guarantees: And the importance of a solidly rooted constitutional culture|308
3|4 Access to an independent judiciary as an element of EU law|309
3|5 The concept of judicial independence|310
3|6 The EU context|311
3|References|313
1|Part VII: The crisis of the European project undermining the authority of EU law: The EU in search for legitimacy|314
2|The EU, democracy and institutional structure: Past, present and future|315
3|1 Introduction|315
3|2 Institutional structure and democracy: The past|317
3|3 Institutional structure and democracy: The present|318
3|4 Institutional structure and democracy: The future—four constraints|320
4|4.1 Political constraints|321
5|4.1.1 Member States|321
5|4.1.2 The EU|323
4|4.2 Democratic constraints|324
4|4.3 Constitutional constraints|327
5|4.3.1 Constitutionalisation: Vertical and horizontal dimensions|327
5|4.3.2 Competence: Vertical and horizontal dimensions|329
4|4.4 Substantive constraints|330
5|4.4.1 The economic and the social: Core treaty provisions|330
5|4.4.2 The economic, the social and the political: EMU and the financial crisis|332
3|5 Institutional structure and democracy: The paradox|334
3|References|335
2|Legitimität und Finalität des europäischen Projekts|338
3|1 Das Legitimitätsproblem der Union: Ursachen und Wirkung|339
4|1.1 Die politischen Errungenschaften: Friede, Demokratie, Menschenrechte, Rechtsstaatlichkeit|339
4|1.2 Die wirtschaftlichen Errungenschaften: Grundfreiheiten, Binnenmarkt, Wohlstand, soziale Gerechtigkeit|341
4|1.3 Integrationspolitik und öffentliche Wahrnehmung|343
3|2 Die künftige Entwicklung der EU: „ever closer Union“ oder „united in diversity“?|346
4|2.1 Vision und Wirklichkeit|346
4|2.2 Staatenverbund oder „Europäische Republik“?|347
4|2.3 Eine offene Debatte über die Entwicklung der Europäischen Union|348
3|References|349
2|Europa muss noch enger zusammenwachsen|350
2|Quo vadis Europe? The future of Europe under pressure|354
3|1 Introduction|354
3|2 Europe’s future in uncertain times|356
3|3 The rule of law in Europe is challenged|357
3|4 Scenarios for the future of Europe|357
3|5 The future of the EU at the crossroads|359
2|The European Union’s never-ending search for legitimacy|361
3|1 The EU’s search for legitimacy: introductory remarks|361
3|2 The “democratic deficit” in the EU: Reality and perception|362
3|3 Three core reasons for the “democratic deficit” in the EU|363
3|4 “Democratic deficit” in the EU: What can we do about it?|365
3|5 For a true and meaningful European dimension of the European elections|365
3|6 Strengthening the link between the vote of the citizens and the decisions of the European institutions|367
3|7 Ensuring enough room for political alternatives and democratic choices at national level within the economic governance of the Eurozone|369
3|8 Time for a “democratic offensive” in the European Union|370
3|References|371
2|L’UE: quelle légitimité ? Quel avenir ?|372
3|1 Quelle légitimité ?|372
4|1.1 Un problème de légitimité descendante: L’UE est un syndic de copropriété sans capacité d’intervention chez les copropriétaires|372
4|1.2 Un problème de légitimité ascendante: le révélateur européen de la crise nationale de la démocratie|373
3|2 Quel avenir ?|373
4|2.1 Le cadre institutionnel issu des années 50 est obsolète et doit être bouleversé|374
4|2.2 Remobiliser l’opinion publique nationale sur les enjeux générationnels|374
2|The role of government and trust in the market economy|375
3|1 Introduction|375
3|2 Core tasks of government: Some conceptual issues|376
3|3 The role of government and trust in the market economy: Some stylised facts|379
4|3.1 Rules of the game|380
4|3.2 Public goods|381
4|3.3 Social safety nets|386
4|3.4 Economic stability|389
3|4 The link between trust and government activities|391
3|5 Conclusions|393
3|References|395