File #2697: "2019_Book_SolutionsForSustainability.pdf"
Testo
1|Acknowledgments|7
1|Contents|9
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|10
2|1.1 State of the Art|14
2|1.2 Originality and Ground-Breaking Nature of the Book|15
3|1.2.1 Trade As a Vehicle for Climate Action and Sustainable Energy|16
3|1.2.2 Governance from the Bottom Up|18
2|1.3 Interdisciplinary and Inter-Sectoral Aspects of the Book|18
2|1.4 Structure of the Book|19
2|References|22
1|Part I: From the Top Down|26
2|Chapter 2: Cooperation on Issues of Common Concern and Public Goods|27
3|2.1 Introduction|27
3|2.2 What Are Public Goods?|31
4|2.2.1 The Concept|31
4|2.2.2 Global Public Goods|32
3|2.3 Matters of Common Concern|33
3|2.4 Public Goods and Matters of Common Concern|35
4|2.4.1 Climate Change Mitigation Is a Global Public Good That Calls for Collaborative Effort|38
4|2.4.2 Energy Security Through the Lens of a Public Goods Analysis|39
5|2.4.2.1 Global Renewable Energy Security|40
6|2.4.2.1.1 Example A|41
6|2.4.2.1.2 Example B|42
5|2.4.2.2 Global Renewable Energy Security As a Global Public Good|42
4|2.4.3 Regional and Global Cooperation on Decarbonizing the Economy Will Contribute to Climate Change Mitigation|43
4|2.4.4 Regional and Global Efforts Towards Decarbonization Could Contribute to the Resolution of Pressing Economic and Human Ri...|45
5|2.4.4.1 The European Union´s Human Rights Crisis|46
5|2.4.4.2 Efforts Towards Decarbonization Will Boost the European Union´s Economy|49
3|References|52
2|Chapter 3: Linking International Trade to Climate Change and Energy|55
3|3.1 Introduction|55
3|3.2 Setting the Scene|63
3|3.3 Impediments and Opportunities for Trade and Climate/Renewable Energy|66
4|3.3.1 The Challenge of Mitigating Climate Change and Achieving Sustainable Energy|68
4|3.3.2 Overlapping Institutions|75
4|3.3.3 Learning Lessons from Other Governance Regimes|80
3|3.4 Making Greater Use of the Trading System|82
4|3.4.1 Filling the Gaps|82
4|3.4.2 A Potential Agreement on Trade in Energy|90
3|3.5 Finding Synergistic Links Between the International Trading System and the Climate Change Regime|92
4|3.5.1 Minimize Conflicts Between the Trade and Climate Regimes|97
4|3.5.2 Revisit the Concept of `Like´ Products|98
4|3.5.3 Climate Action Via the Formation of Climate Clubs|98
4|3.5.4 An Agreed Framework for a Global Emissions Trading System and Border Measures|99
4|3.5.5 Shift Subsidies from Fossil Fuels to Renewable Energy|100
4|3.5.6 Trade in Electric Vehicles|102
4|3.5.7 Foster Sectoral Approaches Such as Aviation and Shipping|104
4|3.5.8 Tariffs|105
3|3.6 Outlook|105
3|References|107
2|Chapter 4: Using Trade Agreements to Achieve Sustainability: A Counter-Intuitive Conundrum|116
3|4.1 Introduction|116
3|4.2 The Case for Regionalism/Plurilateralism in Trade and Climate Change|120
4|4.2.1 Multilateralism|124
4|4.2.2 Plurilateralism|126
4|4.2.3 Bilateralism|130
4|4.2.4 Unilateralism|131
4|4.2.5 Vertical Policy-Making|131
4|4.2.6 Regionalism|132
3|4.3 Major Emitters and Mega-Regional Trade Agreements|133
4|4.3.1 The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|134
4|4.3.2 The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership|134
4|4.3.3 The Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership|136
4|4.3.4 Analysis|136
4|4.3.5 The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement|138
4|4.3.6 The Environmental Goods Agreement|139
4|4.3.7 The Information Technology Agreement|141
3|4.4 Capitalizing on RTAS|142
4|4.4.1 The Rationale|142
4|4.4.2 Coherence Between Trade and Climate Change Actions|144
4|4.4.3 Trade Agreements As Enhancers of Sustainability|145
5|4.4.3.1 Introduction|145
5|4.4.3.2 How Has Trade Policy Helped Achieve Sustainable Development?|147
6|4.4.3.2.1 Poverty Reduction|148
6|4.4.3.2.2 Human Rights Protection|150
5|4.4.3.3 Missed Opportunities for Cooperation Between Trade and Climate Change|151
5|4.4.3.4 Balancing Trade Policy and Climate Change for the Achievement of Sustainable Development|153
4|4.4.4 Trade Law As the Enforcer of Climate Change Obligations|160
5|4.4.4.1 Empirical Assessment: ``Environmental´´ Language and Content of Sample FTAs|161
6|4.4.4.1.1 First Configuration-Enforceability, but Weak Substantive Content: The CPTPP and the ASEAN Agreements with China and ...|161
6|4.4.4.1.2 Second Configuration-Ambiguous Substantive Content and Non-enforceability: Selected EU FTAs|163
6|4.4.4.1.3 Third Configuration-Solid Substantive Content, but Non-enforceability: The EU-Singapore FTA|167
6|4.4.4.1.4 Fourth Configuration-Enforceability, but Ambiguous Substantive Content: The TTIP|168
6|4.4.4.1.5 Fifth Configuration-Solid Substantive Content and Enforceability, but Restrictive Scope: Selected US FTAs|171
5|4.4.4.2 Other Academic Accounts|174
5|4.4.4.3 Synthesis: The Case for Bundling Trade and Environmental Agreements|176
4|4.4.5 Towards the Drafting of Twenty-First-Century Trade Agreements|178
5|4.4.5.1 Introduction|178
5|4.4.5.2 The EU Context: From Early-Stage Trade Agreements to Today´s Actions|179
5|4.4.5.3 Proposals for New-Generation Trade Agreements|180
3|4.5 Conclusion|182
3|References|185
2|Chapter 5: Trading Sustainable Energy|190
3|5.1 Introduction|190
3|5.2 Energy Sustainability Through Trade|190
4|5.2.1 The Economic Burden of Energy Supply|190
4|5.2.2 Maximizing the Societal Gains Through Trade|192
4|5.2.3 Towards Clean Energy|193
3|5.3 Regional Trade Agreements As a Means to Promote Peace and Energy Security|197
4|5.3.1 Fundamentals for Effective Regional Trade|197
4|5.3.2 Past Experiences|199
5|5.3.2.1 The EU and EURATOM|200
5|5.3.2.2 ASEAN|202
5|5.3.2.3 MERCOSUR|203
3|References|204
1|Part II: From the Bottom Up|205
2|Chapter 6: Decentralization and Empowering the Citizen|206
3|6.1 Introduction|206
3|6.2 Megatrends of the Twenty-First Century|208
3|6.3 EU Energy Law Reform: An Example of Decentralization|212
3|6.4 A Paradigm Shift in the Governance of Sustainable Development: Citizens´ Empowerment|216
4|6.4.1 From Top-Down to Bottom-Up Governance|216
4|6.4.2 A Local, Bottom-Up Perspective|219
5|6.4.2.1 A Different Model: Climate Change|220
4|6.4.3 New Concept: Citizen Empowerment|223
5|6.4.3.1 International Trade|228
5|6.4.3.2 Energy Transition|230
6|6.4.3.2.1 The Role of Citizens|230
6|6.4.3.2.2 Bottom-Up Approaches to the Energy Transition|234
7|6.4.3.2.2.1 Information Dissemination and Awareness|234
7|6.4.3.2.2.2 Improvement of Access to Cheaper, Smarter, and More Secure Energy|235
7|6.4.3.2.2.3 Cooperation and Collaboration|235
5|6.4.3.3 Climate Action|236
5|6.4.3.4 Power to the Citizens|238
5|6.4.3.5 Citizens and Trade (and Climate Change)|239
5|6.4.3.6 Citizens, Climate Change, and Sustainable Energy (and Trade)|242
3|6.5 Conclusion, Recommendations and a Future Research Agenda|243
3|References|248
2|Chapter 7: Smart Grids and Empowering the Citizen|253
3|7.1 Introduction|253
3|7.2 Smart Grids: A Multivalent Instrument|256
3|7.3 The `gig´ Economy and New Technologies|257
3|7.4 Smart Grids: Contributing to the EU Collaborative Economy|259
4|7.4.1 The Collaborative Economy: A ``Disruptive Innovation´´|260
4|7.4.2 The EU and the Collaborative Economy|261
4|7.4.3 Smart Grids: A Platform for the Collaborative Economy|263
4|7.4.4 Delivering Social Benefits in a Collaborative Economy|264
3|7.5 Low-Carbon Transition Pathways and Smart Grids|267
3|7.6 Prosumers As New Actors in Energy Security|273
4|7.6.1 Drivers of Change|273
5|7.6.1.1 Energy Security Challenges|273
5|7.6.1.2 Climate Change and Sustainable Development|274
4|7.6.2 Energy Actors: Old and New|276
5|7.6.2.1 Old Actors|276
5|7.6.2.2 New Actors|277
6|7.6.2.2.1 Supply Security|278
6|7.6.2.2.2 Sustainability|281
3|7.7 Conclusion|282
3|References|283
2|Chapter 8: Practical Applications of Decentralized Energy in the EU|287
3|8.1 Introduction|287
3|8.2 Progress on Decentralization|290
4|8.2.1 The Operation of Prosumer Markets|290
4|8.2.2 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|296
3|8.3 Regulatory Framework for the Electricity Market|304
3|8.4 Smart Grids and Meters|322
4|8.4.1 The EU Legal Basis|325
4|8.4.2 Current Status Across Europe|326
4|8.4.3 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|332
4|8.4.4 Smart Grids Within a Circular Economy|346
5|8.4.4.1 The Circular Economy Concept and the EU|348
5|8.4.4.2 EU Waste Regulation: Key Principles for Renewable Energy and Smart Energy Grids|349
5|8.4.4.3 New Concepts and Principles to Close the Smart-Grid Loop|352
4|8.4.5 Regulatory Policy Recommendations|355
3|8.5 Electric Vehicles (EVs)|357
4|8.5.1 The EU Legal Basis|358
4|8.5.2 Current Status Across Europe|359
4|8.5.3 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|362
4|8.5.4 Regulatory Policy Recommendations|375
3|8.6 Demand Response|375
4|8.6.1 The EU Legal Basis|377
4|8.6.2 Current Status Across Europe|379
4|8.6.3 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|383
4|8.6.4 Regulatory Policy Recommendations|390
3|8.7 Storage|392
4|8.7.1 The EU Legal Basis|393
4|8.7.2 Current Status Across Europe|393
4|8.7.3 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|395
4|8.7.4 Regulatory Policy Recommendations|402
3|8.8 Interconnection|402
3|8.9 Concerns About Data Protection|410
4|8.9.1 Background|410
4|8.9.2 Smart Grids: Cybersecurity and Privacy Issues|411
4|8.9.3 International and EU Law|416
5|8.9.3.1 Privacy and Data Protection|417
5|8.9.3.2 Digital Systems Security|424
4|8.9.4 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|426
3|8.10 Conclusion|438
3|References|441
2|Chapter 9: Innovation, Research, and Technology|447
3|9.1 Introduction|447
3|9.2 Challenges Ahead, but the Future Is Bright|448
3|9.3 Betting on a Cleaner Future|455
3|9.4 Sustainable Companies|460
3|9.5 Sustainability and Spirituality|462
3|9.6 Conclusion and a Future Research Agenda|463
3|References|473
1|Contents|9
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|10
2|1.1 State of the Art|14
2|1.2 Originality and Ground-Breaking Nature of the Book|15
3|1.2.1 Trade As a Vehicle for Climate Action and Sustainable Energy|16
3|1.2.2 Governance from the Bottom Up|18
2|1.3 Interdisciplinary and Inter-Sectoral Aspects of the Book|18
2|1.4 Structure of the Book|19
2|References|22
1|Part I: From the Top Down|26
2|Chapter 2: Cooperation on Issues of Common Concern and Public Goods|27
3|2.1 Introduction|27
3|2.2 What Are Public Goods?|31
4|2.2.1 The Concept|31
4|2.2.2 Global Public Goods|32
3|2.3 Matters of Common Concern|33
3|2.4 Public Goods and Matters of Common Concern|35
4|2.4.1 Climate Change Mitigation Is a Global Public Good That Calls for Collaborative Effort|38
4|2.4.2 Energy Security Through the Lens of a Public Goods Analysis|39
5|2.4.2.1 Global Renewable Energy Security|40
6|2.4.2.1.1 Example A|41
6|2.4.2.1.2 Example B|42
5|2.4.2.2 Global Renewable Energy Security As a Global Public Good|42
4|2.4.3 Regional and Global Cooperation on Decarbonizing the Economy Will Contribute to Climate Change Mitigation|43
4|2.4.4 Regional and Global Efforts Towards Decarbonization Could Contribute to the Resolution of Pressing Economic and Human Ri...|45
5|2.4.4.1 The European Union´s Human Rights Crisis|46
5|2.4.4.2 Efforts Towards Decarbonization Will Boost the European Union´s Economy|49
3|References|52
2|Chapter 3: Linking International Trade to Climate Change and Energy|55
3|3.1 Introduction|55
3|3.2 Setting the Scene|63
3|3.3 Impediments and Opportunities for Trade and Climate/Renewable Energy|66
4|3.3.1 The Challenge of Mitigating Climate Change and Achieving Sustainable Energy|68
4|3.3.2 Overlapping Institutions|75
4|3.3.3 Learning Lessons from Other Governance Regimes|80
3|3.4 Making Greater Use of the Trading System|82
4|3.4.1 Filling the Gaps|82
4|3.4.2 A Potential Agreement on Trade in Energy|90
3|3.5 Finding Synergistic Links Between the International Trading System and the Climate Change Regime|92
4|3.5.1 Minimize Conflicts Between the Trade and Climate Regimes|97
4|3.5.2 Revisit the Concept of `Like´ Products|98
4|3.5.3 Climate Action Via the Formation of Climate Clubs|98
4|3.5.4 An Agreed Framework for a Global Emissions Trading System and Border Measures|99
4|3.5.5 Shift Subsidies from Fossil Fuels to Renewable Energy|100
4|3.5.6 Trade in Electric Vehicles|102
4|3.5.7 Foster Sectoral Approaches Such as Aviation and Shipping|104
4|3.5.8 Tariffs|105
3|3.6 Outlook|105
3|References|107
2|Chapter 4: Using Trade Agreements to Achieve Sustainability: A Counter-Intuitive Conundrum|116
3|4.1 Introduction|116
3|4.2 The Case for Regionalism/Plurilateralism in Trade and Climate Change|120
4|4.2.1 Multilateralism|124
4|4.2.2 Plurilateralism|126
4|4.2.3 Bilateralism|130
4|4.2.4 Unilateralism|131
4|4.2.5 Vertical Policy-Making|131
4|4.2.6 Regionalism|132
3|4.3 Major Emitters and Mega-Regional Trade Agreements|133
4|4.3.1 The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|134
4|4.3.2 The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership|134
4|4.3.3 The Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership|136
4|4.3.4 Analysis|136
4|4.3.5 The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement|138
4|4.3.6 The Environmental Goods Agreement|139
4|4.3.7 The Information Technology Agreement|141
3|4.4 Capitalizing on RTAS|142
4|4.4.1 The Rationale|142
4|4.4.2 Coherence Between Trade and Climate Change Actions|144
4|4.4.3 Trade Agreements As Enhancers of Sustainability|145
5|4.4.3.1 Introduction|145
5|4.4.3.2 How Has Trade Policy Helped Achieve Sustainable Development?|147
6|4.4.3.2.1 Poverty Reduction|148
6|4.4.3.2.2 Human Rights Protection|150
5|4.4.3.3 Missed Opportunities for Cooperation Between Trade and Climate Change|151
5|4.4.3.4 Balancing Trade Policy and Climate Change for the Achievement of Sustainable Development|153
4|4.4.4 Trade Law As the Enforcer of Climate Change Obligations|160
5|4.4.4.1 Empirical Assessment: ``Environmental´´ Language and Content of Sample FTAs|161
6|4.4.4.1.1 First Configuration-Enforceability, but Weak Substantive Content: The CPTPP and the ASEAN Agreements with China and ...|161
6|4.4.4.1.2 Second Configuration-Ambiguous Substantive Content and Non-enforceability: Selected EU FTAs|163
6|4.4.4.1.3 Third Configuration-Solid Substantive Content, but Non-enforceability: The EU-Singapore FTA|167
6|4.4.4.1.4 Fourth Configuration-Enforceability, but Ambiguous Substantive Content: The TTIP|168
6|4.4.4.1.5 Fifth Configuration-Solid Substantive Content and Enforceability, but Restrictive Scope: Selected US FTAs|171
5|4.4.4.2 Other Academic Accounts|174
5|4.4.4.3 Synthesis: The Case for Bundling Trade and Environmental Agreements|176
4|4.4.5 Towards the Drafting of Twenty-First-Century Trade Agreements|178
5|4.4.5.1 Introduction|178
5|4.4.5.2 The EU Context: From Early-Stage Trade Agreements to Today´s Actions|179
5|4.4.5.3 Proposals for New-Generation Trade Agreements|180
3|4.5 Conclusion|182
3|References|185
2|Chapter 5: Trading Sustainable Energy|190
3|5.1 Introduction|190
3|5.2 Energy Sustainability Through Trade|190
4|5.2.1 The Economic Burden of Energy Supply|190
4|5.2.2 Maximizing the Societal Gains Through Trade|192
4|5.2.3 Towards Clean Energy|193
3|5.3 Regional Trade Agreements As a Means to Promote Peace and Energy Security|197
4|5.3.1 Fundamentals for Effective Regional Trade|197
4|5.3.2 Past Experiences|199
5|5.3.2.1 The EU and EURATOM|200
5|5.3.2.2 ASEAN|202
5|5.3.2.3 MERCOSUR|203
3|References|204
1|Part II: From the Bottom Up|205
2|Chapter 6: Decentralization and Empowering the Citizen|206
3|6.1 Introduction|206
3|6.2 Megatrends of the Twenty-First Century|208
3|6.3 EU Energy Law Reform: An Example of Decentralization|212
3|6.4 A Paradigm Shift in the Governance of Sustainable Development: Citizens´ Empowerment|216
4|6.4.1 From Top-Down to Bottom-Up Governance|216
4|6.4.2 A Local, Bottom-Up Perspective|219
5|6.4.2.1 A Different Model: Climate Change|220
4|6.4.3 New Concept: Citizen Empowerment|223
5|6.4.3.1 International Trade|228
5|6.4.3.2 Energy Transition|230
6|6.4.3.2.1 The Role of Citizens|230
6|6.4.3.2.2 Bottom-Up Approaches to the Energy Transition|234
7|6.4.3.2.2.1 Information Dissemination and Awareness|234
7|6.4.3.2.2.2 Improvement of Access to Cheaper, Smarter, and More Secure Energy|235
7|6.4.3.2.2.3 Cooperation and Collaboration|235
5|6.4.3.3 Climate Action|236
5|6.4.3.4 Power to the Citizens|238
5|6.4.3.5 Citizens and Trade (and Climate Change)|239
5|6.4.3.6 Citizens, Climate Change, and Sustainable Energy (and Trade)|242
3|6.5 Conclusion, Recommendations and a Future Research Agenda|243
3|References|248
2|Chapter 7: Smart Grids and Empowering the Citizen|253
3|7.1 Introduction|253
3|7.2 Smart Grids: A Multivalent Instrument|256
3|7.3 The `gig´ Economy and New Technologies|257
3|7.4 Smart Grids: Contributing to the EU Collaborative Economy|259
4|7.4.1 The Collaborative Economy: A ``Disruptive Innovation´´|260
4|7.4.2 The EU and the Collaborative Economy|261
4|7.4.3 Smart Grids: A Platform for the Collaborative Economy|263
4|7.4.4 Delivering Social Benefits in a Collaborative Economy|264
3|7.5 Low-Carbon Transition Pathways and Smart Grids|267
3|7.6 Prosumers As New Actors in Energy Security|273
4|7.6.1 Drivers of Change|273
5|7.6.1.1 Energy Security Challenges|273
5|7.6.1.2 Climate Change and Sustainable Development|274
4|7.6.2 Energy Actors: Old and New|276
5|7.6.2.1 Old Actors|276
5|7.6.2.2 New Actors|277
6|7.6.2.2.1 Supply Security|278
6|7.6.2.2.2 Sustainability|281
3|7.7 Conclusion|282
3|References|283
2|Chapter 8: Practical Applications of Decentralized Energy in the EU|287
3|8.1 Introduction|287
3|8.2 Progress on Decentralization|290
4|8.2.1 The Operation of Prosumer Markets|290
4|8.2.2 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|296
3|8.3 Regulatory Framework for the Electricity Market|304
3|8.4 Smart Grids and Meters|322
4|8.4.1 The EU Legal Basis|325
4|8.4.2 Current Status Across Europe|326
4|8.4.3 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|332
4|8.4.4 Smart Grids Within a Circular Economy|346
5|8.4.4.1 The Circular Economy Concept and the EU|348
5|8.4.4.2 EU Waste Regulation: Key Principles for Renewable Energy and Smart Energy Grids|349
5|8.4.4.3 New Concepts and Principles to Close the Smart-Grid Loop|352
4|8.4.5 Regulatory Policy Recommendations|355
3|8.5 Electric Vehicles (EVs)|357
4|8.5.1 The EU Legal Basis|358
4|8.5.2 Current Status Across Europe|359
4|8.5.3 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|362
4|8.5.4 Regulatory Policy Recommendations|375
3|8.6 Demand Response|375
4|8.6.1 The EU Legal Basis|377
4|8.6.2 Current Status Across Europe|379
4|8.6.3 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|383
4|8.6.4 Regulatory Policy Recommendations|390
3|8.7 Storage|392
4|8.7.1 The EU Legal Basis|393
4|8.7.2 Current Status Across Europe|393
4|8.7.3 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|395
4|8.7.4 Regulatory Policy Recommendations|402
3|8.8 Interconnection|402
3|8.9 Concerns About Data Protection|410
4|8.9.1 Background|410
4|8.9.2 Smart Grids: Cybersecurity and Privacy Issues|411
4|8.9.3 International and EU Law|416
5|8.9.3.1 Privacy and Data Protection|417
5|8.9.3.2 Digital Systems Security|424
4|8.9.4 The Situation in Certain EU Member States|426
3|8.10 Conclusion|438
3|References|441
2|Chapter 9: Innovation, Research, and Technology|447
3|9.1 Introduction|447
3|9.2 Challenges Ahead, but the Future Is Bright|448
3|9.3 Betting on a Cleaner Future|455
3|9.4 Sustainable Companies|460
3|9.5 Sustainability and Spirituality|462
3|9.6 Conclusion and a Future Research Agenda|463
3|References|473